{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,30]],"date-time":"2026-08-30T17:03:56Z","timestamp":1788109436598,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764115200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Alimentary mycosis is seldom reported in sloths. Through a multi-institutional retrospective study, we described the histological features of fungal infections within the digestive tract of sloths of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bradypus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Choloepus<\/jats:italic>\n                    genera. In addition, panfungal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">ITS-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was performed in all cases to determine a specific etiology. We retrieved 11 cases of alimentary mycosis in 3 sloth species:\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bradypus variegatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 1),\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Choloepus hoffmanni<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 7), and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Choloepus didactylus<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 3). Eight were free-ranging, whereas 3 were held in captivity. Nine were females and 8 were juveniles (ranging from 2 weeks to 2 years old). In 64% of the cases, the lesions were gastric in the muscular portion of the prepyloric stomach. In the other animals, the lesions were located in the tongue and\/or esophagus. Pustules, erosions, ulcers, and hyperkeratosis within the keratinoid layer with intralesional yeast, pseudohyphae, and hyphae characterized alimentary mycotic infections. Panfungal PCR identified\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichosporon asahii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in 45% (5\/11) of the cases, from gastric, esophageal, and lingual lesions, and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Penicillium<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Wallemia mellicola<\/jats:italic>\n                    in a gastric lesion in 1 case each.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. infection was not confirmed in any of the cases.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Trichosporon asahii<\/jats:italic>\n                    has overlapping histological features with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Candida<\/jats:italic>\n                    and poses a diagnostic challenge when conventional culture or molecular methods are unavailable. Trichosporonosis is a differential diagnosis in cases of fungal alimentary lesions in sloths. Predisposing factors for alimentary mycosis in sloths include age (younger animals), canine distemper virus co-infection, late pregnancy, and chronic antibiotic use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858251391387","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]],"date-time":"2025-11-26T10:04:52Z","timestamp":1764151492000},"page":"302-310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Alimentary mycosis in sloths"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0744-3774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel Felipe","family":"Barrantes Murillo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-4684-7018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis","family":"Berrocal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Histopatovet, Heredia, Costa Rica"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3711-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto W. I.","family":"Olivares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidad Veritas, San Jos\u00e9, Costa Rica"},{"name":"University of California, Davis, San Bernardino, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0013-7544","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linden E.","family":"Craig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6148-2531","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aline","family":"Rodrigues-Hoffmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Florida, Gainesville, FL"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0681-1878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francisco A.","family":"Uzal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, San Bernardino, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3504332"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqz113.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","article-title":"Lost in Amazon: evidencing the southern extension of the geographic distribution of Linn\u00e9\u2019s two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus)","volume":"56","author":"Arlison Bezerra Castro Mateus Melo-Dias Tatiane Pires Santos Rog\u00e9rio Jos\u00e9 Cust\u00f3dio Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues Rosa CA","year":"2024","unstructured":"Arlison Bezerra Castro Mateus Melo-Dias Tatiane Pires Santos Rog\u00e9rio Jos\u00e9 Cust\u00f3dio Domingos de Jesus Rodrigues Rosa CA. Lost in Amazon: evidencing the southern extension of the geographic distribution of Linn\u00e9\u2019s two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus). Biotropica. 2024;56:e13353.","journal-title":"Biotropica"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-4-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387241292346"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14142092"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","volume-title":"In: 24th Annual Zoo and Wildlife Pathology with Focus on Fungal Diseases, at the 49th Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians; September","author":"Berrocal A.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Berrocal A. Mycotic gastritis probably due to Candida sp in a two-toed sloth (Choloepus hoffmanni). In: 24th Annual Zoo and Wildlife Pathology with Focus on Fungal Diseases, at the 49th Annual Conference of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians; September 2017; Frisco, TX."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof10030218"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-025-04303-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2022-0040"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","first-page":"76","article-title":"Clinical problems of sloths (Bradypus sp. and Choloepus sp.) in captivity","volume":"30","author":"Diniz LDM","year":"1999","unstructured":"Diniz LDM, Oliveira PMA. Clinical problems of sloths (Bradypus sp. and Choloepus sp.) in captivity. J Zoo Wildlife Med. 1999;30:76\u201380.","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildlife Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00053-10"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01920-07"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01505-18"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/850.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/873.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-2980.2010.00435.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0125933"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myae004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(75)90109-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03602-13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10406387241268315"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268820001624"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985817698207"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jemt.23568"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/2016-0135.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani14233527"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2006.07.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2024.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00383668"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","first-page":"369","article-title":"Disseminated histoplasmosis in a 2-Toed Sloth (Choloepus didactylus)","volume":"23","author":"Quandt SKF","year":"1992","unstructured":"Quandt SKF, Nesbit JW. Disseminated histoplasmosis in a 2-Toed Sloth (Choloepus didactylus). J Zoo Wildlife Med. 1992;23:369\u2013373.","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildlife Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-95022011000400035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858231173715"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/mmy\/myaa016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000235055"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1309\/AJCP99OOOZSNISCZ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007260"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","first-page":"789","article-title":"Idly infected: a review of infectious agents in populations of two- and three-toed sloths (Choloepus Species and Bradypus Species)","volume":"51","author":"Smith LH","year":"2020","unstructured":"Smith LH, Ruple A. Idly infected: a review of infectious agents in populations of two- and three-toed sloths (Choloepus Species and Bradypus Species). J Zoo Wildlife Med. 2020;51:789\u2013798.","journal-title":"J Zoo Wildlife Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X13491758"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2907.2001.00085.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2010.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12151874"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.jom.0000224736.52780.2f"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0300985819900017"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-372180-8.50042-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jmor.1050460202"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822008000300018"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-021-00628-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-22.4.572"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms6020046"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03009858251391387","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03009858251391387","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03009858251391387","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:07:05Z","timestamp":1777662425000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03009858251391387"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03009858251391387"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03009858251391387","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9858","1544-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9858","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,26]]}}}