{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T05:54:04Z","timestamp":1793426044969,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":170,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Immunodeficient mice, particularly the NOD.Cg-\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Prkdc<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">scid<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Il2rg<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">tm1Wjl<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:sup>\n                    \/SzJ (NSG) strain and other non-obese diabetic (NOD)\u2013derived lines are widely used in biomedical research due to their profound immunosuppression, which enables stable engraftment of human cells and tissues with minimal rejection. Despite their broad utility, these models exhibit unique immunologic and anatomic features and are predisposed to infectious and noninfectious diseases that may confound experimental outcomes and limit translational relevance. This review summarizes current knowledge on spontaneous, infectious, and experimentally induced lesions in NSG and related strains. These mice characteristically display hypoplastic lymphoid organs, including the spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes, due to a near-complete absence of lymphocytes. Spontaneous background lesions include splenic osseous metaplasia, neurodegeneration, pancreatic mastocytosis, cochlear degeneration, intervertebral disk disease, skull hyperostosis, and pancreatic duct cysts, among others. Common spontaneous neoplasms include lymphomas, osteosarcomas, and mammary gland tumors. Due to their immunodeficient status, NSG and NOD-derived mice are also highly susceptible to opportunistic infections, such as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Corynebacterium bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Chlamydia muridarum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and mouse kidney parvovirus. In humanized models, engraftment of human immune cells can result in distinctive syndromes, including xenogeneic graft-versus-host disease, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders, and chimeric myeloid cell hyperactivation syndrome, which can impact study outcomes and lead to mortality and morbidity. This review is intended as a resource for comparative pathologists to become familiar with these widely used immunodeficient mice, so they can interpret strain-specific lesions and recognize experimental confounders in these mouse models.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858251403172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]],"date-time":"2026-01-02T10:25:49Z","timestamp":1767349549000},"page":"397-422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Spontaneous and experimentally induced lesions in NOD-scid gamma and other NOD-derived mouse strains"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5419-4790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Ruivo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renata","family":"Mammone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine and The Rockefeller University, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3168-0515","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ileana C.","family":"Miranda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine and The Rockefeller University, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sebastian E.","family":"Carrasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine and The Rockefeller University, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2841-6887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sebastien","family":"Monette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Weill Cornell Medicine and The Rockefeller University, New York, NY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9871-6239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Janke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9623-2812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Sheppard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Jude Children\u2019s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0073-2730","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles-Antoine","family":"Assenmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0667-2054","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise M.","family":"Imai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California, Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Piersigilli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Takeda Development Center Americas, Cambridge, MA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0788-9303","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara F.","family":"Santagostino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Vermont, Burlington, VT"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2885-0221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Enrico","family":"Radaelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-022-03405-8"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"574","volume":"56","author":"Abstracts of scientific papers 2017 AALAS National Meeting","year":"2017","unstructured":"Abstracts of scientific papers 2017 AALAS National Meeting. 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