{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T08:43:29Z","timestamp":1782895409059,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766707200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Koala retrovirus (KoRV) is a significant infectious agent impacting the health of wild and captive koala populations worldwide. While previous studies have explored its association with neoplastic diseases such as leukemia and lymphoma, its potential involvement in primary bone tumors remains unclear. This study aimed to expand our understanding of KoRV\u2019s disease spectrum by examining its potential association with primary bone tumors in koalas. Koala retrovirus proviral DNA load was analyzed in neoplastic bone using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared to healthy bone samples across 4 different gene targets: KoRV\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">pol<\/jats:italic>\n                    , KoRV-A\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">env<\/jats:italic>\n                    , KoRV-B\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">env<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and KoRV-D\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">env<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The relative KoRV subtype A proviral load was significantly lower in bone tumor samples (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 14) when compared to healthy bone samples (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 11) (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = .025), while other subtype-specific proviral loads did not differ significantly between tumor and healthy controls. In addition, we developed a novel immunohistochemistry assay to detect the KoRV capsid protein. Immunolabeling revealed KoRV capsid protein expression in all bone tumor samples (14\/14, 100%), with an overall mean positive immunolabeling of 50.4% of tumor cells. The bone tumor group had a higher median H-score compared to the control group (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001). Among tumor subtypes, the highest mean percentage of tumor cell labeling was observed in osteosarcomas (73.0%), followed by chondrosarcomas (51.6%) and osteochondromas (38.0%). Collectively, these findings suggest that KoRV may have an important role in koala bone tumor oncogenesis, warranting further investigation into its potential as a contributing factor in tumor development.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858251403173","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]],"date-time":"2025-12-26T12:04:14Z","timestamp":1766750654000},"page":"664-675","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Investigating the association between koala retrovirus and primary bone neoplasia in koalas (\n                    <i>Phascolarctos cinereus)<\/i>\n                    using real-time PCR and a novel immunohistochemistry assay"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-9238-8208","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carmen","family":"Chu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of the Environment, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia Campus, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"McMichael","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2693-7761","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5791-6066","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chiara","family":"Palmieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9305-0469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanne","family":"Meers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joerg","family":"Henning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4208-361X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Viviana","family":"Gonzalez-Astudillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Veterinary Science, The University of Queensland, Gatton Campus, Gatton, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2106\/00004623-200709000-00020"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010513"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2122680119"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1987.tb06051.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14518.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01820-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcpa.2020.02.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-8-678"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13000-014-0221-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3853\/j.1835-4211.24.2014.1612"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep42587"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53970-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.9.4264-4272.2000"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3853\/j.1835-4211.24.2014.1609"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v4112684"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16171-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cdli.4.1.33-42.1997"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","first-page":"269","article-title":"Low genetic variability of the koala Phascolarctos cinereus in south-eastern Australia following a severe population bottleneck","volume":"5","author":"Houlden BA","year":"1996","unstructured":"Houlden BA, England PR, Taylor AC, et al. Low genetic variability of the koala Phascolarctos cinereus in south-eastern Australia following a severe population bottleneck. Mol Ecol. 1996;5(2):269\u2013281.","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu275"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-18939-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2024021118"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.2910250514"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437-018-0144-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/9780643097933"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1807598115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-21612-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119181200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_2","unstructured":"National Recovery Plan for the Koala (Phascolarctos Cinereus) (Combined Populations of Queensland New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory): Consultation Draft. Canberra ACT Australia: Australian Government\u2014Department of Agriculture Fisheries & Forestry; 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-021-02794-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589403100415"},{"issue":"49","key":"e_1_3_3_33_2","first-page":"2763","article-title":"DNA extraction from paraffin embedded material for genetic and epigenetic analyses","volume":"2011","author":"Pikor LA","unstructured":"Pikor LA, Enfield KSS, Cameron H, et al. DNA extraction from paraffin embedded material for genetic and epigenetic analyses. Jove. 2011(49):2763.","journal-title":"Jove"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01871-17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0103-8478cr20151558"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocon.2010.12.027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-56546-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001304"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_3_3_39_2","first-page":"623","article-title":"Feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections and their relationships to lymphoid malignancies in cats: a retrospective study (1968-1988)","volume":"3","author":"Shelton GH","year":"1990","unstructured":"Shelton GH, Grant CK, Cotter SM, et al. Feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infections and their relationships to lymphoid malignancies in cats: a retrospective study (1968-1988). J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1988). 1990;3(6):623\u2013630.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr (1988)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.2012.00964.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-22.2.283"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vetsci9020059"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/jgv.0.001749"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04841"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.80547-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/9780643097971"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-00137-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1304704110"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03009858251403173","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03009858251403173","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03009858251403173","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T07:44:31Z","timestamp":1782891871000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03009858251403173"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03009858251403173"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03009858251403173","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9858","1544-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9858","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,26]]}}}