{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,1]],"date-time":"2026-11-01T07:28:12Z","timestamp":1793518092086,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785715200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Loro Parque Fundation Veterinary Health and Welfare Project.","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/05hqtre35","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Environmental Conservation Fund Grant, Galicia Bank and Williams Foundation","award":["FOCA 2019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FOCA 2019"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03799m784","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In 2023, high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 outbreaks caused mass mortality events affecting pinnipeds throughout South America. Here, we present the clinical, pathological, immunohistochemical, and molecular findings associated with HPAI H5N1 infection in 3 South American sea lions (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Otaria flavescens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and 1 southern elephant seal (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mirounga leonina<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) stranded during the outbreak in Chubut, Argentina. Neurological signs were observed in 2 sea lions, with 1 also exhibiting respiratory distress. Necropsies were conducted on all 4 animals. Neuropathology revealed mild-to-severe lymphohistiocytic (2\/4) to mixed neutrophilic (2\/4) meningoencephalitis with neuronal necrosis, neuronophagia, glial cell proliferation, multifocal hemorrhage, and perivascular cuffing in all animals. Novel findings for HPAI H5N1-infected pinnipeds included choroid plexitis (2\/4) and myelitis (2\/4). Immunohistochemistry for viral nucleoprotein was positive in 3 of 4 animals and involved neurons (3\/3), glial cells (3\/3), and ependymal cells (2\/3). Viral-related systemic findings included multifocal necrotizing myocarditis in the elephant seal and multifocal necrotizing placentitis in a sea lion, with HPAI virus detected within fetal tissues. Pulmonary lesions were minimal and were limited to multifocal necrosis of bronchial glands in 1 sea lion. HPAI H5 clade 2.3.4.4b virus was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing in all animals. These findings indicate a predominance of central nervous system involvement in HPAI H5N1-infected pinnipeds and expand the recognized spectrum of virus-associated lesions, identifying novel tissue tropisms and transmission routes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858261465443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T06:59:11Z","timestamp":1785826751000},"page":"1072-1083","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Neuropathology, novel tissue tropism, and evidence of vertical transmission in South American pinnipeds naturally infected with high pathogenicity avian influenza H5N1 virus in Argentina"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"63","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0443-5154","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carla","family":"Fiorito","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro para el Estudio de Sistemas Marinos (CESIMAR-CONICET), Chubut, Argentina"},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5281-0521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Health and Food Security (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7562-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Colom-Rivero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Health and Food Security (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2758-8927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula","family":"Alonso-Almorox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Health and Food Security (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2411-9714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marisa","family":"Andrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Health and Food Security (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0677-7702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Lombardo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas y T\u00e9cnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina"},{"name":"4Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n y Tecnolog\u00eda en Reproducci\u00f3n Animal (INITRA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3749-8845","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eva","family":"Sierra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Animal Health and Food Security (IUSA), Veterinary School, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/v11090836"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2909.230067"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","volume-title":"Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques","author":"Bancroft JD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Bancroft JD, Gamble M. 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