{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,6]],"date-time":"2026-09-06T04:11:03Z","timestamp":1788667863715,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788480000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The advent of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies is creating a paradigm shift in drug discovery and development. Veterinary pathology is an area that can significantly benefit from AI tools. The availability of AI algorithms in commercial software packages such as HALO and Visiopharm has generated interest in automating pathologists\u2019 workflows for the detection and quantification of histology endpoints from whole-slide images. As each software package provides a distinct set of AI models, the relative performance and equivalency of these models for lesion detection and quantification are poorly understood. Here, we present a systematic comparison of the performance of AI algorithms developed in HALO and Visiopharm. Specifically, we trained AI algorithms in HALO and Visiopharm by using the same ground truth training data to detect different subregions and quantify their areas from hematoxylin and eosin (HE)-stained images of murine skin sections. We also calculate the performance metrics (precision, recall,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 score) for each algorithm using the same test dataset. Our analysis shows that both HALO and Visiopharm algorithms have comparable performance and are resilient to training data size and changes in the color profile of the HE images. As an application, we compared the results of the AI algorithms against pathologists\u2019 scores to quantify epidermal hyperplasia. Our analysis shows that the quantitative data from AI algorithms are consistent with pathologists\u2019 scores. These results provide a quantitative characterization of commercially available AI models in HALO and Visiopharm and offer practical guidelines for designing and validating AI algorithms using these software packages.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858261480627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T08:02:06Z","timestamp":1788508926000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Quantitative analysis of artificial intelligence\u2013based detection of subregions from murine ear skin sections with application to quantifying drug-induced epidermal hyperplasia"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Brewster","family":"Curry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolle","family":"Bejarano Villalba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah R.","family":"Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine","family":"Hammerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yutian","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Fish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0883-9076","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martin","family":"Hegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Halsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9770-106X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sripad","family":"Ram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tice.2021.101659"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2022.102699"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17460441.2013.761202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xjidi.2022.100131"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/access.2022.3227437"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdp27"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/col.22365"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","unstructured":"Chen LC Papandreou G Schroff F et al. Rethinking atrous convolution for semantic image segmentation. arXiv preprint arXiv:1706.05587 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1706.05587"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802999"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03009858231189205"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0192623320987202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1746-1596-9-121"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. 8th ed Washington DC: The National Academies Press; 2011. 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