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Malformation of the cranial base and hydrocephalus were also observed. Shortening of lung bones and malformation of long bone epiphyses were prominent findings and were associated with focal premature closure of metaphyseal growth plates. The cause of these lesions is unknown; possible causes, including a maternal deficiency of manganese, are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589002700103","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,8]],"date-time":"2010-03-08T17:19:33Z","timestamp":1268068773000},"page":"16-25","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Congenital Spinal Stenosis in Beef Calves in Western Canada"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"C. E.","family":"Doige","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary Internal Medicine and Herd Medicine and Theriogenology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine. 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