{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T18:47:43Z","timestamp":1777920463493,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1992,1,1]],"date-time":"1992-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":694224000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1992,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Thirty of 200 ewes died or were euthanatized during a 21-day period following a 1-day accidental exposure to natural gas condensate, a complex mixture of hydrocarbons obtained during collection of natural gas from wells. Despite access to potable well water, the poisoned ewes willingly consumed toxic doses of condensate that contaminated surface water. Eight animals died without premonitory signs; the remainder became ill over the course of a few days to 3 weeks. The principal cause of mortality was aspiration pneumonia, but myocardial degeneration and necrosis, renal tubular damage, gastritis, enteritis, and meningeal edema and hyperemia were also observed. Gas chromatographic analysis identified chemical traces of the hydrocarbons in the tissues, and \u201cfingerprinting,\u201d the process of matching chromatographic tracings, provided forensic proof of the contamination source. Atomic absorption spectroscopy and cholinesterase analyses were performed to eliminate the possibility of toxicosis by heavy metal contaminants or other constituents. This appears to be the first reported incidence of natural gas condensate toxicity involving sheep or other ruminants. Although the available literature presents a suggestive pattern of clinical signs and pathologic lesions of petroleum product poisoning, diagnostic investigations should employ detailed analytic examination because each source of petroleum hydrocarbons contains unique sets of components that may produce different toxic effects.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589202900102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,8]],"date-time":"2010-03-08T17:19:33Z","timestamp":1268068773000},"page":"11-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Toxicosis in Sheep Following Ingestion of Natural Gas Condensate"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"R.","family":"Adler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pathology (RA, JEM), Pharmacology & Toxicology (HJB), and Medicine (DAM), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"H. J.","family":"Boermans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pathology (RA, JEM), Pharmacology & Toxicology (HJB), and Medicine (DAM), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. E.","family":"Moulton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pathology (RA, JEM), Pharmacology & Toxicology (HJB), and Medicine (DAM), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D. A.","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Veterinary Pathology (RA, JEM), Pharmacology & Toxicology (HJB), and Medicine (DAM), School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1992,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-030098589202900102","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Applied Toxicology of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology","author":"Beck LS","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr2-030098589202900102","first-page":"57","volume-title":"Renal Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology","author":"Busey WM","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr3-030098589202900102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0091-0279(73)50036-4"},{"issue":"3","key":"bibr4-030098589202900102","first-page":"68","volume":"14","author":"Chalifoux A","year":"1973","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"bibr5-030098589202900102","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Applied Toxicology of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology","author":"Conaway CC","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr6-030098589202900102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.6183.177"},{"key":"bibr7-030098589202900102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-0644(82)80239-4"},{"key":"bibr8-030098589202900102","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Renal Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology","author":"Domask WG","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr9-030098589202900102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.54.3.351","volume":"54","author":"Eade NR","year":"1974","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"bibr10-030098589202900102","first-page":"328","volume":"21","author":"Edwards WC","year":"1979","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"bibr11-030098589202900102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9"},{"key":"bibr12-030098589202900102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00039896.1963.10663403"},{"key":"bibr13-030098589202900102","first-page":"60","volume":"60","author":"Gibson EA","year":"1948","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"bibr14-030098589202900102","first-page":"73","volume-title":"Renal Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology","author":"Halder CA","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr15-030098589202900102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098588602300305"},{"key":"bibr16-030098589202900102","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Renal Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology","author":"MacFarland HN","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr17-030098589202900102","first-page":"445","volume":"3","author":"MacFarland HN","year":"1988","journal-title":"State Art Rev Occup Med"},{"key":"bibr18-030098589202900102","unstructured":"McCann PM, Cockran M: Characterization of heavy components in natural gas liquids and natural gas.\n                      In\n                      : Proceedings of the Sixty-fourth Annual Convention of the Gas Processors Assoc, Houston, TX, 18-20 March, pp. 99\u2013105, 1985"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr19-030098589202900102","first-page":"642","volume":"111","author":"Messerli W","year":"1969","journal-title":"Schweiz Arch Tierheilkd"},{"key":"bibr20-030098589202900102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1981.42.08.1345","volume":"42","author":"Mount ME","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"bibr21-030098589202900102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.63.25.430"},{"key":"bibr22-030098589202900102","first-page":"89","volume-title":"Renal Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology","author":"Phillips RD","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr23-030098589202900102","first-page":"185","volume-title":"Renal Effects of Petroleum Hydrocarbons, Advances in Modern Environmental Toxicology","author":"Phillips SC","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr24-030098589202900102","unstructured":"Puls R: Mineral levels in animal health. 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