{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T18:48:36Z","timestamp":1777920516134,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,9,1]],"date-time":"1993-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":746841600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The pituitary glands of seven Boran cattle ( Bos indicus), five infected with a clone of Trypanosoma congolense IL 1180 (ILNat 3.1) transmitted by Glossina morsitans centralis and two uninfected controls, were examined by light and electron microscopy 43 (experiment 2) or 56 (experiment 1) days after fly challenge. The three cattle used in the first experiment included a 15-month-old female (No. 1), a 24\u2013month-old female (No. 2), and a 21\u2013month-old male (No. 3) as a control. In the second experiment, four cattle were used: two females (Nos. 4, 5) and one male (No. 6), all between 15 and 24 months of age, and one female control (No. 7) of similar age. In all the infected animals, dilation of both the sinusoids and microvasculature was apparent, as was an increase in the thickness of the extracellular matrix between the pituitary lobules. Trypanosomes were found in the microvasculature of the adenohypophysis and neurohypophysis in all the infected animals. Focal degenerative changes were seen in the adenohypophyseal section of glands from the infected animals euthanatized 56 days post-infection. These degenerative structural changes were confined to the somatotrophs cells. The possible role that trypanosomes in the microvasculature may play in inducing pituitary damage and dysfunction is discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589303000501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,8]],"date-time":"2010-03-08T17:19:33Z","timestamp":1268068773000},"page":"401-409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["<i>Trypanosoma congolense<\/i>\n                    in the Microvasculature of the Pituitary Gland of Experimentally Infected Boran Cattle (\n                    <i>Bos indicus<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"G.","family":"Abebe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M. K.","family":"Shaw","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases, PO Box 30709, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. M.","family":"Eley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Primate Research, National Museums of Kenya, PO Box 24481, Nairobi, Kenya"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-030098589303000501","unstructured":"Abebe G: The integrity of the hypolhalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis in Boran (Bos indicus) cattle infected with Trypanosoma congolense. PhD Thesis, Brunel University, UK, 1991."},{"key":"bibr2-030098589303000501","unstructured":"Abebe G, Eley RM: Trypanosome-induced hypothyroidism in cattle. Br Vet J (in press)."},{"key":"bibr3-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.19182\/remvt.8716","volume":"41","author":"Anosa VO","year":"1988","journal-title":"Rev Elev Med Vet Pays Trop"},{"key":"bibr4-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589202900105"},{"key":"bibr5-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.1978.tb04405.x"},{"key":"bibr6-030098589303000501","first-page":"310","volume":"74","author":"Flynn JN","year":"1991","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"key":"bibr7-030098589303000501","first-page":"12","volume":"30","author":"Geigy R","year":"1973","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"bibr8-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0001-706X(90)90024-T"},{"key":"bibr9-030098589303000501","first-page":"5","volume":"45","author":"Ikede BO","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"bibr10-030098589303000501","first-page":"13","volume":"2","author":"Ikede BO","year":"1973","journal-title":"Niger Vet J"},{"key":"bibr11-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0021-9975(75)90082-1"},{"key":"bibr12-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4894(74)90108-8"},{"key":"bibr13-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0166-6851(89)90016-9"},{"key":"bibr14-030098589303000501","volume-title":"Animal Health Yearbook 1981","author":"Kouba V","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr15-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110846836-022"},{"key":"bibr16-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587200901s01"},{"key":"bibr17-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(73)90193-4"},{"key":"bibr18-030098589303000501","first-page":"239","volume":"21","author":"Losos GJ","year":"1983","journal-title":"Bull Epizoot Dis Afr"},{"key":"bibr19-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/272613a0"},{"key":"bibr20-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32875-3"},{"key":"bibr21-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00686517"},{"key":"bibr22-030098589303000501","first-page":"237","volume":"41","author":"Masake RA","year":"1984","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"bibr23-030098589303000501","first-page":"469","volume-title":"Diseases of Cattle in the Tropics","author":"Morrison WI","year":"1981"},{"key":"bibr24-030098589303000501","first-page":"168","volume":"102","author":"Morrison WI","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"bibr25-030098589303000501","first-page":"103","volume":"103","author":"Morrison WI","year":"1981","journal-title":"Contrib Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"bibr26-030098589303000501","first-page":"791","volume":"37","author":"Moulton JK","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"bibr27-030098589303000501","volume-title":"The African Trypanosomiases","author":"Mulligan HW","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr28-030098589303000501","first-page":"389","volume":"45","author":"Murray M","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"bibr29-030098589303000501","unstructured":"Mutayoba BM: Susceptibility of small East African breed of goats from different localities to\n                      Trypanosoma congolense\n                      with emphasis on residual fertility. MSc Thesis, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya, 1986."},{"key":"bibr30-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.43.2.735-738.1984"},{"key":"bibr31-030098589303000501","first-page":"24","volume":"3","author":"Naylor DC","year":"1971","journal-title":"Trop Anim Health Prod"},{"key":"bibr32-030098589303000501","first-page":"271","volume":"11","author":"Nyeko JHP","year":"1990","journal-title":"Insect Sci Appl"},{"key":"bibr33-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-1-76"},{"key":"bibr34-030098589303000501","first-page":"307","volume":"39","author":"Paris J","year":"1982","journal-title":"Acta Trop"},{"key":"bibr35-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.42.4.664-681.1978"},{"key":"bibr36-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/030098587901600307"},{"key":"bibr37-030098589303000501","volume-title":"3rd International Congress of Cell Biology","author":"Waindi EN","year":"1984"},{"key":"bibr38-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-125-2-925"},{"key":"bibr39-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1989.11812419"},{"key":"bibr40-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00034983.1989.11812418"},{"key":"bibr41-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182000066737"},{"key":"bibr42-030098589303000501","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z69-150"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/030098589303000501","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/030098589303000501","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:32:45Z","timestamp":1777663965000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/030098589303000501"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,9]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/030098589303000501"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030098589303000501","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9858","1544-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9858","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,9]]}}}