{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T17:49:52Z","timestamp":1787852992803,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]],"date-time":"1998-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":883612800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vet Pathol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Within 10 minutes of intraperitoneal injection of penitrem A (3 mg\/kg), rats develop severe generalized tremors and ataxia that persist for up to 48 hours. These are accompanied by a three- to fourfold increase in cerebellar cortical blood flow. Mitochondrial swelling occurs in cerebellar stellate and basket cells within 30 minutes of dosing and persists for more than 12 hours without leading to cell death. From 2 hours, Purkinje cell dendrites show early cytoplasmic condensation accompanied by fine vacuolation of smooth endoplasmic reticulum and enlargement of perikaryal mitochondria. From 6 hours, many Purkinje cells develop intense cytoplasmic condensation with eosinophilia that resembles \u201cischemic cell change,\u201d and from 12 hours, many other Purkinje cells show marked watery swelling. Astrocytes begin to swell from 0.5 hours after injection and show hypertrophy of organelles from 6 hours. Also from 6 hours onward, discrete foci of necrosis appear in the granule cell layer, while permeability of overlying meningeal vessels to horseradish peroxidase becomes evident at 8 hours. All changes are more severe in vermis and paravermis. Despite widespread loss of Purkinje cells, the animals' behavior becomes almost normal within a week. While tremor occurs with doses of 1.5 and 0.5 mg\/kg, cellular damage is minimal. The tremor mechanism differs from that of harmaline since destruction of inferior olivary nuclei abolishes neither the tremor response to penitrem A nor the cellular damage. No morphological changes are found in other brain regions. The affinities of penitrem A for high-conductance calcium-dependent potassium channels and for \u03b3-aminobutyric acid receptors with the probability of resultant excitotoxity are considered to be important underlying factors for these changes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/030098589803500105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,1,22]],"date-time":"2010-01-22T22:30:42Z","timestamp":1264199442000},"page":"53-63","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["The Effects of the Tremorgenic Mycotoxin Penitrem A on the Rat Cerebellum"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"J. B.","family":"Cavanagh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. L.","family":"Holton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, PO Box 138, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C. C.","family":"Nolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, PO Box 138, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. E.","family":"Ray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Toxicology Unit, University of Leicester, PO Box 138, Leicester, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. T.","family":"Naik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Imperial College, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. G.","family":"Mantle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biochemistry Department, Imperial College, London, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1998,1,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-11-06999.1995"},{"key":"bibr2-030098589803500105","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"Brodie ME","year":"1983","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"bibr3-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-4886(83)90034-1"},{"key":"bibr4-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01181323"},{"key":"bibr5-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1995.733909x"},{"key":"bibr6-030098589803500105","first-page":"731","volume":"72","author":"Clegg FG","year":"1960","journal-title":"Vet Rec"},{"key":"bibr7-030098589803500105","first-page":"501","volume-title":"Mycotoxins and Phycotoxins","author":"Cole RJ","year":"1985"},{"key":"bibr8-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1959.33317"},{"key":"bibr9-030098589803500105","first-page":"53","volume":"36","author":"Cysewski SJ","year":"1975","journal-title":"Am J Vet Res"},{"key":"bibr10-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8227(95)01080-W"},{"key":"bibr11-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004691-199603000-00004"},{"key":"bibr12-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1984.tb00360.x"},{"key":"bibr13-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1981.34839"},{"key":"bibr14-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902510404"},{"key":"bibr15-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1991.199.04.466","volume":"199","author":"Galey FD","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr16-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.1981.34843"},{"key":"bibr17-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(87)90517-0"},{"key":"bibr18-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100048010"},{"key":"bibr19-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(86)90163-6"},{"key":"bibr20-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0041-008X(76)90290-8"},{"key":"bibr21-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.197604"},{"key":"bibr22-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(80)90182-7"},{"key":"bibr23-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000136608"},{"key":"bibr24-030098589803500105","first-page":"223","volume":"28","author":"Hotujac L","year":"1974","journal-title":"Acta Med Jugo"},{"key":"bibr25-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1983.182.03.285","volume":"182","author":"Hunt LD","year":"1983","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr26-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01480548608998269"},{"key":"bibr27-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00185a021"},{"key":"bibr28-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-03-00955.1996"},{"key":"bibr29-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199607000-00004"},{"key":"bibr30-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.128123"},{"key":"bibr31-030098589803500105","first-page":"238","volume-title":"The Synaptic Organisation of the Brain","author":"Llin\u00e1s RR","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr32-030098589803500105","first-page":"601","volume-title":"Handbook of Neurotoxicology","author":"Ludolph AC","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr33-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034-5288(18)32242-2","volume":"34","author":"Mantle PG","year":"1983","journal-title":"Res Vet Sci"},{"key":"bibr34-030098589803500105","first-page":"51","volume":"21","author":"Mantle PG","year":"1981","journal-title":"Vet Annu"},{"key":"bibr35-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1968.tb09143.x"},{"key":"bibr36-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)91165-7"},{"key":"bibr37-030098589803500105","first-page":"379","volume":"11","author":"Meldrum B","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"bibr38-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1992.tb09876.x"},{"key":"bibr39-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-0813.1967.tb04820.x"},{"key":"bibr40-030098589803500105","unstructured":"40 Naik JT: Mycotoxins in neurological and renal disease. PhD Thesis, University of London, 1996"},{"key":"bibr41-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00334509"},{"key":"bibr42-030098589803500105","first-page":"144","volume":"35","author":"Odriozola E","year":"1993","journal-title":"Vet Hum Toxicol"},{"key":"bibr43-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(93)90500-F"},{"key":"bibr44-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(74)90640-4"},{"key":"bibr45-030098589803500105","first-page":"13","volume":"27","author":"Oz HH","year":"1986","journal-title":"Can Vet J"},{"key":"bibr46-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/vr.105.17.392"},{"key":"bibr47-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(82)90137-X"},{"key":"bibr48-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2527\/1995.733871x"},{"key":"bibr49-030098589803500105","volume-title":"Degeneration and Regeneration of the Nervous System Trans","author":"Ram\u00f3n y Cajal S","year":"1928"},{"key":"bibr50-030098589803500105","first-page":"269","volume":"45","author":"Ray DE","year":"1982","journal-title":"Exp Brain Res"},{"key":"bibr51-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-61105-6_15"},{"key":"bibr52-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.07-06-01866.1987"},{"key":"bibr53-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1991.tb00752.x"},{"key":"bibr54-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1994.tb00282.x"},{"key":"bibr55-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(93)90622-M"},{"key":"bibr56-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(80)90181-5"},{"key":"bibr57-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1990.tb00944.x"},{"key":"bibr58-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/01480548908999156"},{"key":"bibr59-030098589803500105","first-page":"315","volume":"114","author":"Shaw JN","year":"1949","journal-title":"J Am Vet Med Assoc"},{"key":"bibr60-030098589803500105","unstructured":"60 Summers BA, Cummings JF, de Lahunta A: Veterinary Neuropathology, pp. 261\u2013262. Mosby, St Louis, MO, and New York, NY, 1994"},{"key":"bibr61-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.8562459"},{"key":"bibr62-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410360413"},{"key":"bibr63-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.144.3615.177"},{"key":"bibr64-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/220077b0"},{"key":"bibr65-030098589803500105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-895X(25)11112-7","volume":"35","author":"Yao Y","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mol Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Veterinary Pathology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/030098589803500105","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/030098589803500105","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:38:00Z","timestamp":1777664280000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/030098589803500105"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]},"references-count":65,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/030098589803500105"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/030098589803500105","relation":{},"ISSN":["0300-9858","1544-2217"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0300-9858","type":"print"},{"value":"1544-2217","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,1]]}}}