{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T19:36:43Z","timestamp":1792870603790,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Perception"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Two-frame motion defined form is a type of discontinuous motion contrast rendering objects visible through short distance displacement of a region within two otherwise identical sequentially presented random-dot patterns. The resulting illusory object is transiently perceived before fading. The purpose of this study was to benchmark visual spatial acuity for two-frame motion defined form compared to luminance and disparity defined forms. Random dot patterns of equal dot density were used for all contrast types to ensure equivalence of spatial sampling. Stimulus durations in the luminance and stereoscopic conditions were set at the subjective duration (\u223c270\u2005ms) of the two-frame motion defined form measured in a control experiment. In the main experiment, participants made forced choice judgements on the aspect ratios of the target defined by each of the contrasts using the method of constant stimuli. Participants indicated whether the target square was \u2018wider\u2019 or \u2018taller\u2019 as a function of the aspect ratio of the target while controlling for trial-to-trial variations in the distance between the vertical\/horizontal edges of the target and the boundaries of the surrounding dots. Group mean just-noticeable differences (JNDs) for luminance and stereoscopic conditions translated to changes in aspect ratio of 4.8% and 4%, respectively. They were significantly smaller than the two-frame motion defined condition, 5.8%. Spatial acuity for two-frame motion defined forms is only slightly inferior to other contrast types when equated for spatial sampling and duration. This study is the first benchmark of visual acuity for two-frame motion defined form against luminance and disparity defined form.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03010066261453278","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T13:20:56Z","timestamp":1781702456000},"page":"1018-1032","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Benchmarking spatial discrimination thresholds of two-frame motion defined forms compared to luminance and stereoscopic defined forms"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2290-1201","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Henrik K.","family":"Kotaniemi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9042-5536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip M.","family":"Grove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2013.08.001"},{"issue":"1038","key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"The perception of apparent movement [and discussion]","volume":"290","author":"Anstis S. M.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Anstis S. M., Mackay D. M. (1980). The perception of apparent movement [and discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 290(1038), 153\u2013168. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.1980.0088","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(82)90019-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3046"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphysparis.2009.11.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(74)90041-8"},{"issue":"1038","key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","first-page":"137","article-title":"Low-level and high-level processes in apparent motion [and discussion]","volume":"290","author":"Braddick O. J.","year":"1980","unstructured":"Braddick O. J., Ruddock K. H., Morgan M. J., Marr D. (1980). Low-level and high-level processes in apparent motion [and discussion]. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences, 290(1038), 137\u2013151. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rstb.1980.0087","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00357"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1523411"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2010.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(90)90046-N"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.566848"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnint.2021.664264"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.65.4.13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0042-6989(02)00104-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)00137-B"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2018.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2011.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2011.1131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1538-7305.1960.tb03954.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","volume-title":"Foundations of cyclopean perception","author":"Julesz B.","year":"1971","unstructured":"Julesz B. (1971). Foundations of cyclopean perception. University of Chicago Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/290091a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(76)90093-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/377237a0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00025-U"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.18.002331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.visres.2005.12.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856889X00077"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/9.1.28"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13414-012-0307-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOT.66.000847"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90332-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(95)00173-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","article-title":"Motion-acuity test for visual field acuity measurement with motion-defined shapes","volume":"204","author":"Ninghetto M.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ninghetto M., Wieteska M., Kozak A., Szulborski K., Ga\u0142ecki T., Szaflik J., Burnat K. (2024). Motion-acuity test for visual field acuity measurement with motion-defined shapes. Journal of Visualized Experiments, 204, e66272, https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3791\/66272","journal-title":"Journal of Visualized Experiments"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/11.5.11"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-vision-091517-034328"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/156856897X00366"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-78820-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","volume-title":"Neuroscience","author":"Purves D.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Purves D., Augustine G. J., Fitzpatrick D., et al. (2001). Neuroscience (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates. Anatomical Distribution of Rods and Cones. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK10848\/.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","volume-title":"Neuroscience","author":"Purves D.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Purves D., Augustine G. J., Fitzpatrick D., et al. (2001). Neuroscience (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates. Retinal Circuits for Detecting Differences in Luminance. Available from: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK11052\/.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(90)90176-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90158-F"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90107-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(94)90207-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(92)90037-J"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-025-58797-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0042-6989(90)90176-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1364\/JOSAA.3.000300"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","first-page":"3427","article-title":"Human visual motion perception shows hallmarks of Bayesian structural inference","volume":"11","author":"Yang Sichao","year":"2021","unstructured":"Yang Sichao, Bill Johannes, Drugowitsch Jan, Gershman Samuel J (2021). Human visual motion perception shows hallmarks of Bayesian structural inference. Scientific Reports, 11(1), 3427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41598-021-82175-7","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"}],"container-title":["Perception"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03010066261453278","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03010066261453278","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03010066261453278","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T18:54:25Z","timestamp":1792868065000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03010066261453278"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03010066261453278"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03010066261453278","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-0066","1468-4233"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-0066","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-4233","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]]}}}