{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T18:53:02Z","timestamp":1777920782576,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749859200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Soc Stud Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In Aldous Huxley\u2019s 1932 novel\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Brave New World<\/jats:italic>\n                    every person is conditioned through technologies to fit their social role, which is the source of the society\u2019s alleged stability and rightness. This utopia of \u2018precision justice\u2019 is alive today in projects that deploy data and algorithmic models in decision-making in diverse branches of life to realize computing\u2019s promise to create more just societies. I identify the sociotechnical imaginary of \u2018precision justice\u2019 by analyzing the promise and contestation of the use of an algorithmic model to calculate exam grades in the United Kingdom during the Covid-19 pandemic. \u2018Precision justice\u2019 is the product of the coupling of a normative concept of just distribution with data practices of identification and risk assessment, and is characterized by interventionist action, optimal distribution, and system management. It crystallized in the contexts of the emerging \u2018information society\u2019 in the 1970s United States, when visions of the risks and opportunities of information in digital form converged with the popular theory and practices of distributive justice. At stake in this imaginary is the model of the human with which it operates and that it reproduces. Instead of keying people to a substantive and expansive concept of justice, the union of distributive justice and data practices bind people to indicators and allocate them to specific places in society. To move beyond precision justice, this article calls for the need to look at justice and data symmetrically, as a simultaneously epistemic and normative set of concerns that must be addressed together in terms of what worlds we want to build.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/03063127251342275","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]],"date-time":"2025-06-14T06:19:18Z","timestamp":1749881958000},"page":"817-841","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Precision justice: An imaginary of data and justice"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2965-7001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Margarita","family":"Boenig-Liptsin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Humanities, Social and Political Sciences, ETH Z\u00fcrich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","unstructured":"Adams R. (2020 March 29). Government set to cap university admissions amid Covid-19 chaos. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/mar\/29\/government-set-to-cap-university-admissions-amid-covid-19-chaos"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","unstructured":"Adams R. (2021 June 14). Ofqual wanted to scrap last year\u2019s A-levels says former chair. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/education\/2021\/jun\/14\/ofqual-wanted-to-scrap-last-years-a-levels-says-former-chair"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","unstructured":"Adams R. Weale S. Barr C. (2020 August 13). A-level results: Almost 40% of teacher assessments in England downgraded. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/education\/2020\/aug\/13\/almost-40-of-english-students-have-a-level-results-downgraded"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adashi E. Y. Walters L. B. Menikoff J. A. (2018). The Belmont Report at 40: Reckoning with time. American Journal of Public Health 108(10) 1345\u20131348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304580","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304580"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","volume-title":"Cloud ethics: Algorithms and the attributes of ourselves and others","author":"Amoore L.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Amoore L. (2020a). Cloud ethics: Algorithms and the attributes of ourselves and others. Duke University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","unstructured":"Amoore L. (2020b August 19). Why \u2018ditch the algorithm\u2019 is the future of political protest. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2020\/aug\/19\/ditch-the-algorithm-generation-students-a-levels-politics"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","unstructured":"Anders J. Macmillan L. Sturgis P. Wyness G. (2021 June 8). The \u2018graduate parent\u2019 advantage in teacher assessed grades. UCL. Center for Education Policy and Equalising Opportunities (CEPEO) (blog). https:\/\/blogs.ucl.ac.uk\/cepeo\/2021\/06\/08\/thegraduate-parentadvantageinteacherassessedgrades\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","unstructured":"Angwin J. Larson J. Mattu S. Kirchner L. & ProPublica. (2016 May 23). Machine bias. ProPublica. https:\/\/www.propublica.org\/article\/machine-bias-risk-assessments-in-criminal-sentencing"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","unstructured":"Anonymous. (2020 August 21). \u2018We\u2019re picking up the pieces\u2019: A university vice-chancellor\u2019s diary of A-level chaos. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/education\/2020\/aug\/21\/picking-up-the-pieces-university-vice-chancellor-diary-a-level-chaos"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barlow J. P. (1996). A declaration of the independence of cyberspace. https:\/\/www.eff.org\/cyberspace-independence","DOI":"10.37514\/RNT-J.1996.3.6.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1987.03400010071030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","volume-title":"The problem with bias: Allocative versus representational harms in machine learningSpecial Interest Group for Computing in Society (SIGCIS), Society for the History of Technology (SHOT) Conference","author":"Barocas S.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barocas S., Crawford K., Shapiro A., Wallach H. (2017, October 29). The problem with bias: Allocative versus representational harms in machine learning [Conference session]. Special Interest Group for Computing in Society (SIGCIS), Society for the History of Technology (SHOT) Conference, Philadelphia, PA."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226832111.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","volume-title":"Risk society: Towards a new modernity","author":"Beck U.","year":"1986","unstructured":"Beck U. (1986). Risk society: Towards a new modernity. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","volume-title":"The coming of post-industrial society: A venture in social forecasting","author":"Bell D.","year":"1973","unstructured":"Bell D. (1973). The coming of post-industrial society: A venture in social forecasting. Basic Books."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benjamin R. (2019a). Assessing risk automating racism. Science 366(6464) 421\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aaz3873","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz3873"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","volume-title":"Race after technology","author":"Benjamin R.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Benjamin R. (2019b). Race after technology. Polity Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bennett Moses L. Chan J. (2018). Algorithmic prediction in policing: Assumptions evaluation and accountability. Policing and Society 28(7) 806\u2013822. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10439463.2016.12536","DOI":"10.1080\/10439463.2016.1253695"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000271627340900103"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","volume-title":"The rise of the network society","author":"Castells M.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Castells M. (1996). The rise of the network society. Wiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","unstructured":"Chattle M. (2020). A school exam protest in London in August 2020. Rex\/Shutterstock. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/education\/2021\/feb\/18\/the-student-and-the-algorithm-how-the-exam-results-fiasco-threatened-one-pupils-future"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","volume-title":"A calculating people: The spread of numeracy in early America","author":"Cohen P. C.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cohen P. C. (1999). A calculating people: The spread of numeracy in early America (Subsequent ed.). Routledge."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","unstructured":"Corbett-Davies S. Pierson E. Feller A. Goel S. (2016 October 17). A computer program used for bail and sentencing decisions was labeled biased against blacks. It\u2019s actually not that clear. Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/news\/monkey-cage\/wp\/2016\/10\/17\/can-an-algorithm-be-racist-our-analysis-is-more-cautious-than-propublicas\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Corbett-Davies S. Pierson E. Feller A. Goel S. Huq A. (2017 February 17). Algorithmic decision making and the cost of fairness. In Proceedings of the 23rd ACM SIGKDD international conference on knowledge discovery and data mining (pp. 797\u2013806). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1145\/3097983.3098095","DOI":"10.1145\/3097983.3098095"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Couldry N. Mejias U. A. (2019). Data colonialism: Rethinking big data\u2019s relation to the contemporary subject. Television & New Media 20(4) 336\u2013349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1527476418796632","DOI":"10.1177\/1527476418796632"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dencik L. Hintz A. Redden J. Trer\u00e9 E. (2022). Data justice. Sage. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4135\/9781529770131","DOI":"10.4135\/9781529770131"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","unstructured":"Department of Education. (2020 June 1). [Withdrawn] Student number controls. Gov.UK. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/publications\/student-number-controls"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","volume-title":"A philosophy of intellectual property","author":"Drahos P.","year":"1996","unstructured":"Drahos P. (1996). A philosophy of intellectual property. Dartmouth."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","first-page":"52","article-title":"Criminal justice and the IT revolution","volume":"65","author":"Dunworth T.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Dunworth T. (2001). Criminal justice and the IT revolution. Federal Probation Journal, 65(2), 52\u201365.","journal-title":"Federal Probation Journal"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","volume-title":"The technological society","author":"Ellul J.","year":"1964","unstructured":"Ellul J. (1964). The technological society. Vintage Books. (Original work published 1954)"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","volume-title":"Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor","author":"Eubanks V.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Eubanks V. (2018). Automating inequality: How high-tech tools profile, police, and punish the poor. St. Martin\u2019s Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fleischacker S. (2004). A short history of distributive justice. Harvard University Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/j.ctv2fcct3g","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv2fcct3g"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","volume-title":"In the shadow of justice: Postwar liberalism and the remaking of political philosophy","author":"Forrester K.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Forrester K. (2019). In the shadow of justice: Postwar liberalism and the remaking of political philosophy. Princeton University Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fraser N. (2008). Abnormal Justice. Critical Inquiry 34(3) 393\u2013422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/589478","DOI":"10.1086\/589478"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/9781442679382-005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gooden S. T. (2014). Race and social equity: A nervous area of government. Routledge. https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Race-and-Social-Equity-A-Nervous-Area-of-Government\/Gooden\/p\/book\/9780765637192","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315701301"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/puar.12346"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21582041.2020.1833234"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_40_1","first-page":"65","article-title":"A manifesto for cyborgs: Science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s","volume":"80","author":"Haraway D.","year":"1985","unstructured":"Haraway D. (1985). A manifesto for cyborgs: Science, technology, and socialist feminism in the 1980s. Socialist Review, 80, 65\u2013108.","journal-title":"Socialist Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/asi.23747"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7312\/hurl17954"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_43_1","volume-title":"Brave new world","author":"Huxley A.","year":"1932","unstructured":"Huxley A. (1932). Brave new world. Chatto & Windus."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jackson B. (2005). The conceptual history of social justice. Political Studies Review 3(3) 356\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1478-9299.2005.00028.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-9299.2005.00028.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_45_1","unstructured":"Jasanoff S. (1986). Risk management and political culture. Russell Sage Foundation. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/10.7758\/9781610443104"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3197\/096327199129341761"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203413845"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226276663.003.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_49_1","unstructured":"Jones E. Safak C. (2020 August 18). Can algorithms ever make the grade? Ada Lovelace Institute. https:\/\/www.adalovelaceinstitute.org\/blog\/can-algorithms-ever-make-the-grade\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleinberg J. Ludwig J. Mullainathan S. Sunstein C. R. (2019). Discrimination in the age of algorithms. Journal of Legal Analysis 10 113\u2013174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jla\/laz001","DOI":"10.1093\/jla\/laz001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_51_1","unstructured":"Kleinberg J. Mullainathan S. Raghavan M. (2016). Inherent Trade-Offs in the Fair Determination of Risk Scores. arXiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.48550\/arXiv.1609.05807"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_52_1","unstructured":"Lyon D. (2003). Surveillance as social sorting: Privacy risk and automated discrimination. Routledge. https:\/\/www.routledge.com\/Surveillance-as-Social-Sorting-Privacy-Risk-and-Automated-Discrimination\/Lyon\/p\/book\/9780415278737"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_53_1","volume-title":"The information society as post-industrial society","author":"Masuda Y.","year":"1981","unstructured":"Masuda Y. (1981). The information society as post-industrial society. Institute for the Information Society; World Future Society."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_54_1","unstructured":"Metcalf J. Keller E. F. boyd d. (2016). Perspectives on big data ethics and society. Council for big data ethics and society. https:\/\/bdes.datasociety.net\/council-output\/perspectives-on-big-data-ethics-and-society\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mitchell S. Potash E. Barocas S. D\u2019Amour A. Lum K. (2021). Algorithmic fairness: Choices assumptions and definitions. Annual Review of Statistics and Its Application 8(1) 141\u2013163. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-statistics-042720-125902","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-statistics-042720-125902"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_56_1","unstructured":"Mullainathan S. (2019 December 6). Biased algorithms are easier to fix than biased people. The New York Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2019\/12\/06\/business\/algorithm-bias-fix.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_57_1","unstructured":"Narayanan A. (2018 March 1). Tutorial: 21 fairness definitions and their politics. Fairness Accountability and Transparency Conference. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jIXIuYdnyyk&t=113s"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_58_1","volume-title":"The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research","author":"National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research","year":"1979","unstructured":"National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research. (1979). The Belmont Report: Ethical principles and guidelines for the protection of human subjects of research. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. https:\/\/www.hhs.gov\/ohrp\/regulations-and-policy\/belmont-report\/read-the-belmont-report\/index.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479833641.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Obermeyer Z. Powers B. Vogeli C. Mullainathan S. (2019). Dissecting racial bias in an algorithm used to manage the health of populations. Science 366(6464) 447\u2013453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.aax2342","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aax2342"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_61_1","unstructured":"Office for Statistics Regulation. (2021). Ensuring statistical models command public confidence. Author. https:\/\/osr.statisticsauthority.gov.uk\/publication\/ensuring-statistical-models-command-public-confidence\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_62_1","unstructured":"Office of Technology Assessment. (1978). A preliminary assessment of the National Crime Information Center and the computerized criminal history system. Author. https:\/\/ota.fas.org\/reports\/7814.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_63_1","unstructured":"Ofqual. (2020a August 13). Awarding GCSE AS A level advanced extension awards and extended project qualifications in summer 2020: interim report. GOV.UK. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/media\/5f3571778fa8f5173f593d61\/6656-1_Awarding_GCSE__AS__A_level__advanced_extension_awards_and_extended_project_qualifications_in_summer_2020_-_interim_report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_64_1","unstructured":"Ofqual. (2020b August 13). Guide to AS and A level results for England 2020. GOV.UK. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/guide-to-as-and-a-level-results-for-england-2020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_65_1","unstructured":"Ofqual. (2020c August 17). Statement from Roger Taylor Chair Ofqual. GOV.UK. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/news\/statement-from-roger-taylor-chair-ofqual"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paxton A. (2020). The Belmont Report in the age of big data: Ethics at the intersection of psychological science and data science. In Woo S. E. Tay L. Proctor R. W. (Eds.) Big data in psychological research (pp. 347\u2013372). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0000193-016","DOI":"10.1037\/0000193-016"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315205786"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674042605"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rouvroy A. Berns T. (2013). Gouvernementalit\u00e9 algorithmique et perspectives d\u2019\u00e9mancipation. Le disparate comme condition d\u2019individuation par la relation? [Algorithmic governmentality and prospects of emancipation: Disparateness as a precondition for individuation through relationships?] R\u00e9seaux 177(1) 163\u2013196. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3917\/res.177.0163","DOI":"10.3917\/res.177.0163"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saltzer J. H. Schroeder M. D. (1975). The protection of information in computer systems. Proceedings of the IEEE 63(9) 1278\u20131308. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1109\/PROC.1975.9939","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1975.9939"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Secinaro S. Calandra D. Secinaro A. Muthurangu V. Biancone P. (2021). The role of artificial intelligence in healthcare: A structured literature review. BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making 21(1) Article 125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12911-021-01488-9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-021-01488-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shilo S. Rossman H. Segal E. (2020). Axes of a revolution: Challenges and promises of big data in healthcare. Nature Medicine 26(1) Article 1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41591-019-0727-5","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0727-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith G. J. D. Bennett Moses L. Chan J. (2017). The challenges of doing criminology in the big data era: Towards a digital and data-driven approach. The British Journal of Criminology 57(2) 259\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/bjc\/azw096","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azw096"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_4_74_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"The theory of \u201cscreening,\u201d education, and the distribution of income","volume":"65","author":"Stiglitz J. E.","year":"1975","unstructured":"Stiglitz J. E. (1975). The theory of \u201cscreening,\u201d education, and the distribution of income. The American Economic Review, 65(3), 283\u2013300.","journal-title":"The American Economic Review"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_75_1","unstructured":"Stoyanovich J. Abiteboul S. Miklau G. (2016 March 15). Data responsibly: Fairness neutrality and transparency in data analysis. International Conference on Extending Database Technology. https:\/\/inria.hal.science\/hal-01290695"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/2447976.2447990"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taylor L. (2017). What is data justice? The case for connecting digital rights and freedoms globally. Big Data & Society 4(2) Article 2053951717736335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2053951717736335","DOI":"10.1177\/2053951717736335"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_78_1","unstructured":"Taylor R. (2021). Is the algorithm working for us? Algorithms qualifications and fairness. Reflections on the qualifications and the pandemic from the former Chair of Ofqual Roger Taylor. Center for Progressive Policy. https:\/\/www.progressive-policy.net\/publications\/is-the-algorithm-working-for-us"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_79_1","unstructured":"Technology Assessment Act. (1972). The Technology Assessment Act of 1972 Pub. L. No. 484 92 Public Law."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_80_1","unstructured":"U.S. Food & Drug Administration. (2018 August 27). Precision medicine. FDA.gov. https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/medical-devices\/in-vitro-diagnostics\/precision-medicine"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_81_1","unstructured":"Walker P. Adams R. (2020 March 18). Coronavirus UK: Schools colleges and nurseries to close. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/world\/2020\/mar\/18\/coronavirus-school-colleges-nurseries-england-close-uk-friday"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_82_1","volume-title":"Theories of the information society","author":"Webster F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Webster F. (2006). Theories of the information society (3rd ed.). Routledge.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4825(78)90011-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_84_1","unstructured":"Williams P. (2020 June 3). Keynote. Symposium on Foundations of Responsible Computing. https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5DXRS_eHs6A&t=828s"}],"container-title":["Social Studies of Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03063127251342275","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03063127251342275","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03063127251342275","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T19:35:40Z","timestamp":1777664140000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03063127251342275"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03063127251342275"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03063127251342275","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-3127","1460-3659"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-3127","type":"print"},{"value":"1460-3659","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,14]]}}}