{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:38:22Z","timestamp":1777714702722,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]],"date-time":"2014-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1417478400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Youth at risk of illicit drug abuse and other delinquent acts are the target of social work services. Preventing or discouraging the use of illicit drugs among at-risk youth is a long-standing practical and research concern. For this reason, the preventive function of courage is a research gap the present study seeks to fill. The study collected data from 169 at-risk youths and their social workers with two-wave panel surveys. Results show that courage in Wave 1 presented a strong negative effect on illicit drug use in Wave 2 in the youth, controlling for illicit drug use in Wave 1 and background characteristics. Moreover, the negative effect was stronger when Wave 1 drug use was more likely. These results imply the helpfulness of encouraging at-risk youth to gather courage to resist the temptation to use illicit drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x14561432","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,3]],"date-time":"2014-12-03T21:53:05Z","timestamp":1417643585000},"page":"640-656","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Encouraging the Disuse of Illicit Drugs Among At-Risk Youth"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"60","author":[{"given":"Chau-kiu","family":"Cheung","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"City University of Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven Sek-yum","family":"Ngai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990701522641"},{"key":"bibr2-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2676294"},{"key":"bibr3-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pan\/mpi014"},{"key":"bibr4-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-200055404"},{"key":"bibr5-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-008-0146-9"},{"key":"bibr6-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080802238108"},{"key":"bibr7-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080601026019"},{"key":"bibr8-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2011.00372.x"},{"key":"bibr9-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02650530600776947"},{"key":"bibr10-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.01.018"},{"key":"bibr11-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.03.009"},{"key":"bibr12-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2009.10399912"},{"key":"bibr13-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/9780826116673"},{"key":"bibr14-0306624X14561432","first-page":"1","volume":"40","author":"Elliott L.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adolescence"},{"key":"bibr15-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0021-8294.00055"},{"key":"bibr16-0306624X14561432","volume-title":"Improving the quality of health care for mental and substance-use conditions","author":"England M. J.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr17-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029309"},{"key":"bibr18-0306624X14561432","volume-title":"Saving children from a life of crime: Early risk factors and effective interventions","author":"Farrington D. P.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr19-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080801922231"},{"key":"bibr20-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2004.10400031"},{"key":"bibr21-0306624X14561432","first-page":"66","volume-title":"Applied discourse analysis: Social and psychological interventions","author":"Gillies V.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr22-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2008.00104.x"},{"key":"bibr23-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-200034667"},{"key":"bibr24-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2000.10400454"},{"key":"bibr25-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.3.633"},{"key":"bibr26-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-100106963"},{"key":"bibr27-0306624X14561432","volume-title":"Psychological therapy","author":"Grawe K.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr28-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/49.2.219"},{"key":"bibr29-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760701228854"},{"key":"bibr30-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/49.1.65"},{"key":"bibr31-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2007.10399863"},{"key":"bibr32-0306624X14561432","first-page":"53","volume":"6","author":"Hooper D.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods"},{"key":"bibr33-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760.2014.910828"},{"key":"bibr34-0306624X14561432","volume-title":"Treatment approaches for alcohol and drug dependence: An introductory guide","author":"Jarvis T. J.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr35-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-6253.2012.01701.x"},{"key":"bibr36-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1468017310363635"},{"key":"bibr37-0306624X14561432","volume-title":"Principles and practice of structural equation modeling","author":"Kline R. B.","year":"2005","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr38-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20131"},{"key":"bibr39-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-200066907"},{"key":"bibr40-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010452705746"},{"key":"bibr41-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2435.2008.00463.x"},{"key":"bibr42-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272431609341046"},{"key":"bibr43-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/105504999305686"},{"key":"bibr44-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2011.521371"},{"key":"bibr45-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080601142071"},{"key":"bibr46-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2012.709455"},{"key":"bibr47-0306624X14561432","first-page":"145","volume":"26","author":"Martin A. J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Social Psychology Quarterly"},{"key":"bibr48-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2006.05.007"},{"key":"bibr49-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/12168-009"},{"key":"bibr50-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X0102500205"},{"key":"bibr51-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X0102500202"},{"key":"bibr52-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13691450701733333"},{"key":"bibr53-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/YED0-BQA8-5RVX-95JB"},{"key":"bibr54-0306624X14561432","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muthen L. K.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr55-0306624X14561432","first-page":"31","volume":"14","author":"Okwumabua J. O.","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Health Studies"},{"key":"bibr56-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.18.1.118"},{"key":"bibr57-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990701407439"},{"key":"bibr58-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0007131032000045888"},{"key":"bibr59-0306624X14561432","volume-title":"Character strengths and virtues: A handbook and classification","author":"Peterson C.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr60-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0001-6918(99)00050-5"},{"key":"bibr61-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760701228813"},{"key":"bibr62-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760701237962"},{"key":"bibr63-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/12168-001"},{"key":"bibr64-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17439760701228755"},{"key":"bibr65-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230600944529"},{"key":"bibr66-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558403258860"},{"key":"bibr67-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.914"},{"key":"bibr68-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9507.2007.00445.x"},{"key":"bibr69-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01639620500218260"},{"key":"bibr70-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1049731505277059"},{"key":"bibr71-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17730\/humo.67.2.h457132482255391"},{"key":"bibr72-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(01)00184-8"},{"key":"bibr73-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2003.09.002"},{"key":"bibr74-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/sw\/49.3.343"},{"key":"bibr75-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-006-9030-2"},{"key":"bibr76-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410613011"},{"key":"bibr77-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-200066791"},{"key":"bibr78-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1752-0606.2004.tb01232.x"},{"key":"bibr79-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2012.04.012"},{"key":"bibr80-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080500521730"},{"key":"bibr81-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024191"},{"key":"bibr82-0306624X14561432","volume-title":"Addiction treatment: A strengths perspective","author":"van Wormer K.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr83-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0305724042000327984"},{"key":"bibr84-0306624X14561432","volume-title":"Theories of sexual offending","author":"Ward T.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr85-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/082585970702300106"},{"key":"bibr86-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-005-9009-2"},{"key":"bibr87-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3341549"},{"key":"bibr88-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1065-9293.56.3.173"},{"key":"bibr89-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359909004396"},{"key":"bibr90-0306624X14561432","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/RJX5-WRA6-BNG5-Q2TY"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X14561432","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0306624X14561432","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X14561432","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:12:43Z","timestamp":1777457563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0306624X14561432"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]]},"references-count":90,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0306624X14561432"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624x14561432","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-624X","1552-6933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-624X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,12,2]]}}}