{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:24:48Z","timestamp":1777713888552,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1467331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Although juvenile homicide has been a matter of concern in the United States since the 1980s, prior research has not addressed long-term recidivism patterns for convicted juvenile murderers. Furthermore, a prominent juvenile homicide typology had not previously been tested with U.S. offenders. The present study examined whether juvenile offenders who killed or attempted to kill during the commission of a crime differed from those who killed due to some type of conflict on pre-incarceration, incarceration, and post-incarceration variables. These offenders were sentenced to adult prison in the early 1980s. Follow-up data spanned 30 years. The results indicated that approximately 88% of released offenders have been rearrested. Analyses of pre-incarceration variables revealed that crime-oriented offenders were significantly more likely to commit the homicide offense using accomplices than conflict-oriented offenders, and the latter were significantly more likely to use a firearm during the homicide incident. The circumstances of the homicide, however, were not significantly related to any other pre-incarceration variables, release from prison, number of post-release arrests, and number of post-release violent offenses. The implications of the findings, their comparability to previous follow-up research on this typology, and avenues for future research are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x16657052","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]],"date-time":"2016-07-01T21:54:55Z","timestamp":1467410095000},"page":"404-426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Recidivism Patterns Among Two Types of Juvenile Homicide Offenders: A 30-Year Follow-Up Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Norair","family":"Khachatryan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Heide","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Florida, Tampa, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erich V.","family":"Hummel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Florida Department of Corrections, Clermont, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.books.9780890425596"},{"key":"bibr2-0306624X16657052","first-page":"267","volume-title":"The child in his family","author":"Anthony E. J.","year":"1973"},{"key":"bibr3-0306624X16657052","first-page":"2","volume":"229","author":"Blumstein A.","year":"1995","journal-title":"National Institute of Justice Journal"},{"key":"bibr4-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403404263624"},{"key":"bibr5-0306624X16657052","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr6-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.133.8.957"},{"key":"bibr7-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-0025.1987.tb03547.x"},{"key":"bibr8-0306624X16657052","unstructured":"Dilulio J. J. (1995, November 27). The coming of the super-predators. The Weekly Standard. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.weeklystandard.com\/the-coming-of-the-super-predators\/article\/8160."},{"key":"bibr9-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.127.11.1498"},{"key":"bibr10-0306624X16657052","volume-title":"Uniform crime reports for the United States, 2014","author":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr11-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015808"},{"key":"bibr12-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X97413004"},{"key":"bibr13-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01065856"},{"key":"bibr14-0306624X16657052","volume-title":"Why kids kill parents: Child abuse and adolescent homicide","author":"Heide K. M.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr15-0306624X16657052","volume-title":"Young killers: The challenge of juvenile homicide","author":"Heide K. M.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr16-0306624X16657052","volume-title":"Understanding parricide: When sons and daughters kill parents","author":"Heide K. M.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr17-0306624X16657052","first-page":"127","volume-title":"Violent offenders: Understanding and assessment","author":"Heide K. M.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr18-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X11406418"},{"key":"bibr19-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2009.04.003"},{"key":"bibr20-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.423"},{"key":"bibr21-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118307656"},{"key":"bibr22-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02234666"},{"key":"bibr23-0306624X16657052","unstructured":"Miller v. Alabama, 132 S. Ct. 2455 (2012)."},{"key":"bibr24-0306624X16657052","first-page":"445","volume":"61","author":"Post S.","year":"1982","journal-title":"Child Welfare"},{"key":"bibr25-0306624X16657052","volume-title":"Juvenile transfer laws: An effective deterrent to delinquency?","author":"Redding R. E.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr26-0306624X16657052","volume-title":"Nothing left but murder","author":"Reinhardt J. M.","year":"1970"},{"key":"bibr27-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2007.02.012"},{"key":"bibr28-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/655347"},{"key":"bibr29-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X8402800304"},{"key":"bibr30-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1520\/JFS14548J"},{"key":"bibr31-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X11411152"},{"key":"bibr32-0306624X16657052","volume-title":"Juvenile offenders and victims: A focus on violence","author":"Snyder H. N.","year":"1995"},{"key":"bibr33-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00048677309161368"},{"key":"bibr34-0306624X16657052","volume-title":"Specialized treatment recidivism effectiveness summary","author":"Texas Youth Commission","year":"1997"},{"key":"bibr35-0306624X16657052","volume-title":"Treatment and case management. Capital and serious violent offender treatment program manual","author":"Texas Youth Commission","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr36-0306624X16657052","first-page":"135","volume-title":"Homicide: The victim\/offender connection","author":"Toupin J.","year":"1993"},{"key":"bibr37-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0734016811434531"},{"key":"bibr38-0306624X16657052","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.984"},{"key":"bibr39-0306624X16657052","first-page":"48","volume":"147","author":"Zoglin R.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Time Magazine"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X16657052","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0306624X16657052","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X16657052","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:09:38Z","timestamp":1777457378000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0306624X16657052"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0306624X16657052"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624x16657052","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-624X","1552-6933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-624X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,1]]}}}