{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:23:20Z","timestamp":1777713800052,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]],"date-time":"2018-01-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1514851200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Mental health problems are 3 times higher among prisoners than the general population. After release, reentry barriers and other factors can exacerbate mental problems. This study of 250 African American ex-offenders examines the relationship between sociobehavioral factors and mental health. Independent variables included self-reported health, alcohol use, employment, and history of mental problems before prison. Covariates included the number of immediate family with mental problems and the number of serious conflicts with family members or friends. Analyses revealed that men who had serious conflicts, used alcohol more often, reported less than excellent health, and not employed were more likely to report being troubled by mental problems. Family mental health history was not statistically significant. The current study adds to the literature by identifying selected factors associated with the mental health of African American male, ex-offenders. Findings from this study can inform interventions to address mental health issues and reduce recidivism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x17750327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,4]],"date-time":"2018-01-04T15:11:08Z","timestamp":1515078668000},"page":"3873-3889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Life After: Examining the Relationship Between Sociobehavioral Factors and Mental Health Among African American Ex-Offenders"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"Carlos C.","family":"Mahaffey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danelle","family":"Stevens-Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carl","family":"Leukefeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky, Lexington, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.11.1516"},{"key":"bibr2-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15487768.2013.789709"},{"key":"bibr3-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e387762004-001"},{"key":"bibr4-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/apt.9.3.191"},{"key":"bibr5-0306624X17750327","unstructured":"Carson E. A. (2016). Prisoners in 2015. Bureau of Justice Statistics. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=5869"},{"key":"bibr6-0306624X17750327","unstructured":"Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality. (2015). Behavioral health trends in the United States: Results from the 2014 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (HHS Publication No. SMA 15-4927, NSDUH Series H-50). Retrieved from https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/NSDUH-FRR1-2014\/NSDUH-FRR1-2014.pdf"},{"key":"bibr7-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128710382348"},{"key":"bibr8-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1074840705281753"},{"key":"bibr9-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128784030004003"},{"key":"bibr10-0306624X17750327","volume-title":"Special report: Mental health and treatment of inmates and probationers","author":"Ditton P. M.","year":"1999"},{"key":"bibr11-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10611-012-9375-0"},{"key":"bibr12-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/78.2.214"},{"key":"bibr13-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.056325"},{"key":"bibr14-0306624X17750327","first-page":"128","volume":"7","author":"Hattery A. J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Pan African Studies"},{"key":"bibr15-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080802523301"},{"key":"bibr16-0306624X17750327","first-page":"87","volume-title":"Ethnicity and family therapy","author":"Hines P. M.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr17-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2010.00209.x"},{"key":"bibr18-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jomh.2012.03.002"},{"key":"bibr19-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"James D. J., Glaze L. E. (2006). Mental health problems of prison and jail inmates. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statics. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.bjs.gov\/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=789","DOI":"10.1037\/e557002006-001"},{"key":"bibr20-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0307920107073250"},{"key":"bibr21-0306624X17750327","first-page":"529","volume":"33","author":"Lamb H. R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"bibr22-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-005-9006-y"},{"key":"bibr23-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17449200601069676"},{"key":"bibr24-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(92)90062-S"},{"key":"bibr25-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.06101664"},{"key":"bibr26-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10940-005-7362-7"},{"key":"bibr27-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-006-9061-9"},{"key":"bibr28-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080600692167"},{"key":"bibr29-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.327.7413.480"},{"key":"bibr30-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2014.07.409"},{"key":"bibr31-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820701485387"},{"key":"bibr32-0306624X17750327","first-page":"1271","volume":"56","author":"Roberts D. E.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Stanford Law Review"},{"key":"bibr33-0306624X17750327","first-page":"387","volume":"34","author":"Smith E.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Western Journal of Black Studies"},{"key":"bibr34-0306624X17750327","first-page":"103","volume":"10","author":"Sneed Z.","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation"},{"key":"bibr35-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.52.4.457"},{"key":"bibr36-0306624X17750327","volume-title":"Census of state and federal correctional facilities, 2005","author":"Stephan J. J.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr37-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.184242"},{"key":"bibr38-0306624X17750327","volume-title":"Race, gender, and mental illness in the criminal justice system","author":"Thompson M.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr39-0306624X17750327","unstructured":"U.S. Census Bureau. (2015). ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2011-2015 American community survey 5-year estimates. Retrieved from https:\/\/factfinder.census.gov\/faces\/tableservices\/jsf\/pages\/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_15_5YR_DP05&src=pt"},{"key":"bibr40-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/e720322011-001"},{"key":"bibr41-0306624X17750327","volume-title":"In need of help: Experiences of seriously ill prisoners returning to Cincinnati","author":"Visher C. A.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr42-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.29.010202.095931"},{"key":"bibr43-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X14548023"},{"key":"bibr44-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080601177291"},{"key":"bibr45-0306624X17750327","first-page":"5","volume-title":"Black psychology","author":"White J. L.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr46-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.006"},{"key":"bibr47-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32398\/cjhp.v3i2.1762"},{"key":"bibr48-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2008.144279"},{"key":"bibr49-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlp.2011.07.004"},{"key":"bibr50-0306624X17750327","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jomh.2009.12.002"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X17750327","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0306624X17750327","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X17750327","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:09:21Z","timestamp":1777457361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0306624X17750327"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]},"references-count":50,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0306624X17750327"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624x17750327","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-624X","1552-6933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-624X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,2]]}}}