{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T16:26:05Z","timestamp":1787675165767,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1587513600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011730","name":"templeton world charity foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TWCF0101\/AB66"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TWCF0101\/AB66"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011730","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Research on the forgiveness of self has largely focused on less severe, more common types of offenses among samples within developed westernized nations. In this brief report of a study within a developing nation in Africa, applications of self-forgiveness are extended to incarcerated people. The sample comprised N = 310 males (83.87%) and females (16.13%) who were incarcerated in a medium-security Ghanaian prison ( M\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 39.35, SD\n                    <jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\n                    = 13.28). Participants completed measures of self-forgiveness, shame-proneness, and guilt-proneness. Prison records were examined for criminal history details. We hypothesized that self-forgiveness would correlate negatively with shame-proneness and positively with guilt-proneness. We tentatively hypothesized that this association would be moderated by offense type. Self-forgiveness correlated with both shame- and guilt-proneness in the hypothesized direction. However, neither association was moderated by type of offense. The findings offer further evidence on the salience of self-conscious emotions in forgiving oneself, particularly among incarcerated offender populations. We discuss the implications of the findings for enhancing offender rehabilitation initiatives.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x20914496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]],"date-time":"2020-04-22T03:23:04Z","timestamp":1587525784000},"page":"558-570","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Self-Forgiveness Among Incarcerated Individuals in Ghana: Relations With Shame- and Guilt-Proneness"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9407-8770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annabella","family":"Osei-Tutu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9027-4253","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard G.","family":"Cowden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte O.","family":"Kwakye-Nuako","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeremiah","family":"Gadze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Ghana, Accra, Ghana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seth","family":"Oppong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Botswana, Gaborone, Botswana"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"suffix":"Jr.","given":"Everett L.","family":"Worthington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0306624X20914496","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Adams G. (2005). The cultural grounding of personal relationship: Enemyship in North American and West African worlds. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 88, 948\u2013968. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.88.6.948","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.88.6.948"},{"key":"bibr2-0306624X20914496","first-page":"124","volume":"13","author":"Antwi A.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ghana Social Science Journal"},{"key":"bibr3-0306624X20914496","first-page":"490","volume-title":"Handbook of forgiveness","author":"Armour M. P.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr4-0306624X20914496","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carpenter T. P., Tignor S. M., Tsang J., Willett A. (2016). Dispositional self-forgiveness, guilt- and shame-proneness, and the roles of motivational tendencies. Personality and Individual Differences, 98, 53\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2016.04.017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2016.04.017"},{"key":"bibr5-0306624X20914496","unstructured":"Central Intelligence Agency. (2017). The world factbook: Ghana. https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/geos\/print_gh.html"},{"key":"bibr6-0306624X20914496","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dempsey H. L. (2017). A comparison of the social-adaptive perspective and functionalist perspective on guilt and shame. Behavioral Sciences, 7, 83. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs7040083","DOI":"10.3390\/bs7040083"},{"key":"bibr7-0306624X20914496","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fisher M. L., Exline J. J. (2010). Moving toward self-forgiveness: Removing barriers related to shame, guilt, and regret. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 4, 548\u2013558. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00276.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2010.00276.x"},{"key":"bibr8-0306624X20914496","first-page":"153","volume-title":"The self-conscious emotions: Theory and research","author":"Goetz J. 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