{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:31:21Z","timestamp":1777714281579,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13-14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]],"date-time":"2021-01-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1610150400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>As the use of risk assessments for correctional populations has grown, so has concern that these instruments exacerbate existing racial and ethnic disparities. While much of the attention arising from this concern has focused on how algorithms are designed, relatively little consideration has been given to how risk assessments are used. To this end, the present study tests whether application of the risk principle would help preserve predictive accuracy while, at the same time, mitigate disparities. Using a sample of 9,529 inmates released from Minnesota prisons who had been assessed multiple times during their confinement on a fully-automated risk assessment, this study relies on both actual and simulated data to examine the impact of program assignment decisions on changes in risk level from intake to release. The findings showed that while the risk principle was used in practice to some extent, the simulated results showed that greater adherence to the risk principle would increase reductions in risk levels and minimize the disparities observed at intake. The simulated data further revealed the most favorable outcomes would be achieved by not only applying the risk principle, but also by expanding program capacity for the higher-risk inmates in order to adequately reduce their risk.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x20986523","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,13]],"date-time":"2021-01-13T20:07:13Z","timestamp":1610568433000},"page":"1473-1495","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Applying the risk principle to optimize accuracy and equity in correctional risk assessment: Results From a Simulation"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"65","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0632-560X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grant","family":"Duwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Minnesota Department of Corrections, St. Paul, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128705281756"},{"key":"bibr2-0306624X20986523","volume-title":"Machine bias: There\u2019s software used across the country to predict future criminals, and it\u2019s biased against blacks","author":"Angwin J.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr3-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Berk R., Heidari H., Jabbari S., Kearns M., Roth A. (2021). Fairness in criminal justice risk assessments: The state of the art. Sociological Methods & Research, 50(1), 3\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0049124118782533","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124118782533"},{"key":"bibr4-0306624X20986523","volume-title":"Risk-needs-responsivity model for offender assessment and rehabilitation","author":"Bonta J.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr5-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854800027003003"},{"key":"bibr6-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854808326545"},{"key":"bibr7-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2013.08.004"},{"key":"bibr8-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/big.2016.0047"},{"key":"bibr9-0306624X20986523","unstructured":"Doleac J., Stevenson M. (2016). Are criminal justice risk assessment scores racist? Brookings Institute. https:\/\/www.brookings.edu\/blog\/up-front\/2016\/08\/22\/are-criminal-risk-assessment-scores-racist\/"},{"key":"bibr10-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11292-010-9090-8"},{"key":"bibr11-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854812453911"},{"key":"bibr12-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403413478821"},{"key":"bibr13-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403414524590"},{"key":"bibr14-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128711421653"},{"key":"bibr15-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403417718608"},{"key":"bibr16-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0887403411429724"},{"key":"bibr17-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885514548009"},{"key":"bibr18-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12123"},{"key":"bibr19-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23774657.2016.1240596"},{"key":"bibr20-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063211429470"},{"key":"bibr21-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128707301628"},{"key":"bibr22-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24751979.2018.1502622"},{"key":"bibr23-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X12439397"},{"key":"bibr24-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12270"},{"key":"bibr25-0306624X20986523","author":"Duwe G.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Corrections: Policy, Practice and Research"},{"key":"bibr26-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854816678032"},{"key":"bibr27-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854815615633"},{"key":"bibr28-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854819857108"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr29-0306624X20986523","first-page":"1","volume":"41","author":"Hamilton Z.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Deviant Behavior"},{"key":"bibr30-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1214\/18-AOAS1201"},{"key":"bibr31-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2005.00021.x"},{"key":"bibr32-0306624X20986523","first-page":"22","volume":"34","author":"Martinson R.","year":"1974","journal-title":"The Public Interest"},{"key":"bibr33-0306624X20986523","volume":"128","author":"Mayson S. G.","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Yale Law Journal"},{"key":"bibr34-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2016.07.006"},{"key":"bibr35-0306624X20986523","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119184256.ch14"},{"key":"bibr36-0306624X20986523","volume-title":"The first step act of 2018: Risk and needs assessment system","author":"U.S. Department of Justice","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr37-0306624X20986523","volume-title":"FAT\/ML Workshop","author":"Wadsworth C.","year":"2018"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X20986523","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0306624X20986523","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X20986523","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:10:33Z","timestamp":1777457433000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0306624X20986523"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13-14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0306624X20986523"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624x20986523","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-624X","1552-6933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-624X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,1,9]]}}}