{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,3]],"date-time":"2026-07-03T04:02:45Z","timestamp":1783051365696,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13-14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]],"date-time":"2021-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This study investigated the operational dynamics of male violent offenders incarcerated in Abakaliki custodial center, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey research design was adopted and purposive technique used to recruit 260 inmates charged with violent offenses. The data generated from structured questionnaire were analyzed using Predictive Analytic Software (PAS), with ordinary least regression, descriptive statistics and spearman rank order correlation techniques, employed in testing the variables explored. Findings revealed that this population use drugs to enhance criminal performance through being brutal; instilling fear in victims to secure their total compliance and submission; and suppressing regret for their criminal acts. Heroin, followed by, cocaine, cannabis, tramadol, and multiple drug use, were commonly used drugs in the population surveyed, with their offenses ranging from cultism, armed robbery, murder and burglary to kidnapping and assault and battery. Gaining insights into the changing operational knowledge, procedures and dynamics of violent offenders will (re)direct policy approach and action that are capable of increasing public and custodial safety. It will also orient and direct practical prison reforms for successful rehabilitation and reintegration of released inmates into the free world.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x211022653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T19:41:10Z","timestamp":1623354070000},"page":"1454-1474","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["\u201cWhen I Take Drugs, I Don\u2019t Care\u201d: Insights into the Operational Dynamics of Male Violent Offenders in a Correctional Centre"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"66","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7299-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Macpherson Uchenna","family":"Nnam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gilbert Enyidah-Okey","family":"Ordu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mary Juachi","family":"Eteng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathan Akwagiobe","family":"Ukah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher Chukwu","family":"Arua","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Groupson-Paul","family":"Okechukwu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu-Alike, Ebonyi State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cletus Onyema","family":"Obasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Enugu State, Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"bibr1-0306624X211022653","first-page":"04","volume":"27","author":"Adayonfo O. O.","year":"2019","journal-title":"IFE Psychologia"},{"key":"bibr2-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854812445875"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr3-0306624X211022653","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"Atkinson J.","year":"2011","journal-title":"African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies"},{"key":"bibr4-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15406\/sij.2018.02.00034"},{"key":"bibr5-0306624X211022653","first-page":"198","volume-title":"Psychology of crime and criminal justice","author":"Bandura A.","year":"1979"},{"key":"bibr6-0306624X211022653","volume-title":"Drugs, crime and justice","author":"Belenko S.","year":"2015"},{"key":"bibr7-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2014.04.014"},{"key":"bibr8-0306624X211022653","volume-title":"An introduction to criminological theories","author":"Burke R. H.","year":"2019","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr9-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4236\/tel.2016.62022"},{"key":"bibr10-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-017-0728-y"},{"key":"bibr11-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/449106"},{"key":"bibr12-0306624X211022653","volume-title":"Designing out Crime","author":"Clarke R. V. G.","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr13-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-8625-4"},{"key":"bibr14-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2000.10400241"},{"key":"bibr15-0306624X211022653","unstructured":"Dennison C. R. (2013). Sentence length and recidivism: Are longer incarcerations the solution to high rates of reoffending [MSc dissertation]. Department of Sociology, The University of Toledo."},{"key":"bibr16-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520964036"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr17-0306624X211022653","first-page":"259","volume":"2","author":"Eteng M. J.","year":"2014","journal-title":"African International Journal of Contemporary Studies in Humanities and Social Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr18-0306624X211022653","first-page":"143","volume":"8","author":"Eteng M. J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal for Research in Arts and Social Sciences"},{"key":"bibr19-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2021.101549"},{"key":"bibr20-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.19044\/esj.2018.v14n29p1"},{"key":"bibr21-0306624X211022653","unstructured":"Field Survey\/Abakaliki Prison Recording Board. (2017)."},{"key":"bibr22-0306624X211022653","unstructured":"Field Survey\/Abakaliki Prison Recording Board. (2018)."},{"key":"bibr23-0306624X211022653","unstructured":"Field Survey\/Abakaliki Prison Recording Board. (2019)."},{"key":"bibr24-0306624X211022653","volume-title":"Principles of drug abuse treatment for criminal justice populations: A research-based guide","author":"Fletcher B. W.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr25-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.824"},{"key":"bibr26-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azz011"},{"key":"bibr27-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.12.009"},{"key":"bibr28-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204268501500406"},{"key":"bibr29-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204260803800211"},{"key":"bibr30-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/SAR.S143251"},{"key":"bibr31-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2015.1073771"},{"key":"bibr32-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315143354"},{"key":"bibr33-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr34-0306624X211022653","volume-title":"Designing out crime","author":"Hough M.","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr35-0306624X211022653","unstructured":"Huebner B. M. (2006). Drug abuse treatment and probationer recidivism. Retrieved March 24, 2018, https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228385814Drug-Abuse-Treatment-and-Probationer_Recidivism. Chicago: Illonois Criminal Justice Information Authority."},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr36-0306624X211022653","first-page":"155","volume":"8","author":"Hussein M. D.","year":"2017","journal-title":"KASU Journal of Social Sciences"},{"key":"bibr37-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctt1t89fsw"},{"issue":"8","key":"bibr38-0306624X211022653","first-page":"1","volume":"5","author":"Link N. W.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health and Justice"},{"key":"bibr39-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2019.1666903"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr40-0306624X211022653","first-page":"22","volume":"4","author":"Mamman H.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Biology, Agriculture and Healthcare"},{"key":"bibr41-0306624X211022653","volume-title":"The NDLEA annual report 2013","author":"National Drug Law Enforcement Agency","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr42-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/DAT-07-2019-0033"},{"key":"bibr43-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/DAT-05-2020-0031"},{"key":"bibr44-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17265\/2159-5313\/2016.09.003"},{"key":"bibr45-0306624X211022653","first-page":"62","volume":"9","author":"Nnam M. U.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Development and Management Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr46-0306624X211022653","first-page":"171","volume":"9","author":"Nnam M. U.","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr47-0306624X211022653","first-page":"177","volume":"11","author":"Nnam M. U.","year":"2016","journal-title":"International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences"},{"key":"bibr48-0306624X211022653","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Perspectives on drugs, alcohol and society in Africa","volume":"4","author":"Nnam M. U.","year":"2017"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr49-0306624X211022653","first-page":"127","volume":"16","author":"Nnam M. U.","year":"2017","journal-title":"African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr50-0306624X211022653","first-page":"52","volume":"17","author":"Nnam M. U.","year":"2018","journal-title":"African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies"},{"key":"bibr51-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijlcj.2020.100411"},{"key":"bibr52-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2019.1710637"},{"issue":"11","key":"bibr53-0306624X211022653","first-page":"17","volume":"4","author":"Nyameh J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development"},{"key":"bibr54-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-9992-x"},{"key":"bibr55-0306624X211022653","volume-title":"The Global Alcohol Policy Conference","author":"Obot I. S.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr56-0306624X211022653","volume-title":"Prison reform in Nigeria","author":"Ojeah M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr57-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olaniyi D. T. (2020). Substance abuse and criminal behaviours among commercial vehicle drivers in Lagos state. Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal, 8(1), 42\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/0.15406\/frcij.2020.08.00305","DOI":"10.15406\/frcij.2020.08.00305"},{"key":"bibr58-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.08.006"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr59-0306624X211022653","first-page":"119","volume":"12","author":"Otu S. E.","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Journal of Drug and Alcohol Studies"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr60-0306624X211022653","first-page":"10","volume":"10","author":"Otu S. E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Criminal Justice Sciences"},{"key":"bibr61-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/24732850.2018.1471649"},{"key":"bibr62-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518812065"},{"key":"bibr63-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-032816-045128"},{"key":"bibr64-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042612456017"},{"key":"bibr65-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09687637.2020.1754339"},{"key":"bibr66-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-018-1064-x"},{"key":"bibr67-0306624X211022653","volume-title":"Cannabis policy: Moving beyond stalemate","author":"Room R.","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr68-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2019.1707333"},{"key":"bibr69-0306624X211022653","volume-title":"Criminology: The core","author":"Siegel L. J.","year":"2008","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr70-0306624X211022653","volume-title":"Principle of criminology","author":"Sutherland E. H.","year":"1939","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr71-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10926771.2019.1628155"},{"key":"bibr72-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00083968.2019.1700810"},{"key":"bibr73-0306624X211022653","first-page":"17","volume-title":"Situational crime prevention: From theory into practice","author":"Trasler G. B.","year":"1986"},{"key":"bibr74-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/23311908.2017.1362805"},{"key":"bibr75-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/079beef9-en"},{"key":"bibr76-0306624X211022653","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2013). Transnational organised crime in West Africa: A threat assessment. The Author."},{"key":"bibr77-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/b07f5d3f-en"},{"key":"bibr78-0306624X211022653","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. (2018a). Availability of drugs in Nigeria. Retrieved July 30, 2018, from https:\/\/www.unodc.org\/nigeria\/en\/drug-response\/drug-situation.html"},{"key":"bibr79-0306624X211022653","volume-title":"Drug use in Nigeria 2018","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr80-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18356\/a4dd519a-en"},{"key":"bibr81-0306624X211022653","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2015.1059217"},{"key":"bibr82-0306624X211022653","unstructured":"Walmsley R. (2018). World prison population lists (11th ed.). Institute for Criminal Policy Research. Retrieved August 13, 2020, from https:\/\/www.prisonstudies.org\/sites\/default\/files\/resources\/downloads\/world_prison_population_list_11th_edition_0.pdf"},{"key":"bibr83-0306624X211022653","author":"Wilson M.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Criminal justice social work in the United States: Adapting to new challenges"},{"key":"bibr84-0306624X211022653","volume-title":"Atlas on substance use 2010: Resources for the preventions and treatment of substance use disorder","author":"World Health Organisation","year":"2010"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X211022653","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0306624X211022653","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X211022653","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:10:40Z","timestamp":1777457440000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0306624X211022653"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]]},"references-count":84,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13-14","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0306624X211022653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624x211022653","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-624X","1552-6933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-624X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]]}}}