{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:32:09Z","timestamp":1777714329839,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1665532800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A cornerstone of broken windows theory concerns public perceptions of disorder and crime, and the citizens\u2019 \u201cpanic response\u201d with the onset of disorder in their neighborhoods. Naturally, assuming this dynamic to exist lends support for a significant expansion of police operations from traditional crime control to order maintenance. More specifically, the advocates of the theory presume that citizens view disorder and crime as two distinctive constructs, and further that the former triggers the latter. Broken windows theory was quite popular during the 1990s and early 2000s, a period in which order maintenance or quality of life policing reached its apex of popularity. Findings from recent studies on public perceptions of disorder and crime, however, have called into serious question: the cognitive distinction between crime and disorder. Using data collected from a random telephone survey of residents residing in the Houston metropolitan area, we follow this line of research and test the hypothesized dynamics underlying broken windows theory. Our principal findings suggest that neither a one-factor model (convergent) nor a two-factor model (discriminant) fit the empirical data when an appropriate concept validation process is carried out. Implications are drawn for broken windows theory and some specific recommendations are made for future research at the end of the study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x221124856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]],"date-time":"2022-10-12T09:45:13Z","timestamp":1665567913000},"page":"1296-1320","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["In Search of Public Perceptions of Disorder and Crime: Examining the Core Tenets of Broken Windows Theory"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"68","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Ren","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jihong (Solomon)","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8771-0133","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&M International University, Laredo, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0306624X221124856","volume-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis using Amos, LISREL, Mplus, SAS\/STAT CALLS","author":"Albright J. 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