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We conceptualize the conscience as a psychic function in which elements like empathy, self-conscience emotions such as shame, guilt and pride, and moral orientation work together. The differences in conscience functioning can be described in terms of developmental levels of integration. We conducted network analyses on data collected via a questionnaire survey held among 52 offending and 243 non-offending juveniles. We displayed two networks: One representing the non-offenders\u2019 normative and one representing the offenders\u2019 defiantly maturing conscience. As was hypothesized, in the non-offenders network, almost all elements clustered into one clinically meaningful network, indicating integration of the different elements of the normative maturing conscience. In the offenders network, the correlations between the elements were sporadic, indicating a lack of integration of the defiantly maturing conscience. The difference between the two networks was more prominent for empathy and moral orientation than for self-conscious emotions. This research supports the theory of differences in maturation of conscience instead of being an all-or-none phenomenon and calls for further research, taking a deeper look at the significance of integration of the conscience and its implications for offending behaviour.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x221132233","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,3]],"date-time":"2026-03-03T07:00:25Z","timestamp":1772521225000},"page":"415-432","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Mapping Conscience: Network Analysis Into the Differences in Maturation of Offending and Non-Offending Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"given":"Maurits","family":"de Brauw","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arne","family":"Popma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam UMC, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaap","family":"Peen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Arkin Institute for Mental Health, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carel","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wageningen University &amp; Research, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1118-715X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frans","family":"Schalkwijk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiteit van Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,2]]},"reference":[{"issue":"26","key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Targeted fused fidge estimation of inverse covariance matrices from multiple high-dimensional data classes","volume":"21","author":"Bilgrau A. 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