{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:33:11Z","timestamp":1790253191251,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":139,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683504000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Art therapy in prisons remains widely under-researched in Australia and beyond and represents a major gap in the literature. Despite evidence that art therapy can be a tool for social change, to date, there are no recorded studies in Australia which have investigated the therapeutic benefits of art in prison populations with measured outcomes. Literary analysis suggests that research tends to be hampered by limitations in methodological approaches that are suited to prison environments. By engaging \u201cinside\u201d with inmates over the course of an 8-week art therapy program, this research design addresses this knowledge gap. Building on 5 years of piloting, the research methodological design presented in this paper embodies a prototype that promises to overcome the limitations of previous research approaches. This research agenda promises to facilitate creative interventions through sensitively attuned art therapy delivery. Benefits are expected to accrue to diverse stakeholder groups, including inmates, chaplaincy and parole services, voluntary facilitators, policymakers, criminologists, and taxpayers, among others.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x231165350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]],"date-time":"2023-05-08T08:33:48Z","timestamp":1683534828000},"page":"119-144","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Art Therapy in Australian Prisons: A Research Agenda"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Tucker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Uniting Care Prison Ministry, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Griffith University, Mount Gravatt Campus, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"Christian Heritage College (CHC), Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9017-4471","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes M.","family":"Luetz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia"},{"name":"The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia"},{"name":"Alphacrucis University College, Brisbane, QLD, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Agell G. (1990). The Ulman personality assessment procedure: An analysis of protocols [Unpublished paper; referenced in Betts 2006]."},{"key":"bibr2-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22459\/AH.39.2015.01"},{"key":"bibr3-0306624X231165350","first-page":"141","volume-title":"A guide to conducting art therapy research","author":"Arrington D.","year":"1992"},{"key":"bibr4-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2004). Prisoners in Australia, 2004; No. 4517.0 - archived issue originally released 23\/12\/2004. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/AUSSTATS\/abs@.nsf\/Lookup\/4517.0Main+Features12004?OpenDocument="},{"key":"bibr5-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2022). Prisoners in Australia, 2022. https:\/\/www.abs.gov.au\/statistics\/people\/crime-and-justice\/prisoners-australia\/2022"},{"key":"bibr6-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Australian Defence Forces. (2010). Mental health in the Australian defence force. 2010 ADF Mental Health Prevalence and Wellbeing Study Report. https:\/\/www.defence.gov.au\/Health\/DMH\/Docs\/MHPWSReport-FullReport.pdf"},{"key":"bibr7-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Australian Human Rights Commission. (2021, April 14). Stop mass incarceration to prevent deaths in custody. Race Discrimination. https:\/\/humanrights.gov.au\/about\/news\/media-releases\/stop-mass-incarceration-prevent-deaths-custody"},{"key":"bibr8-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies. (1996). Map of Indigenous Australia. Retrieved August 18, 2021, from https:\/\/aiatsis.gov.au\/explore\/map-indigenous-australia"},{"key":"bibr9-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2018). Australia\u2019s health 2018: 5.7 Prisoners. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/getmedia\/0f15de30-8575-4e80-ac9d-5560633635e0\/aihw-aus-221-chapter-5-7.pdf.aspx"},{"key":"bibr10-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2019). The health of Australia\u2019s prisoners 2018. Australian Government. https:\/\/www.aihw.gov.au\/getmedia\/2e92f007-453d-48a1-9c6b-4c9531cf0371\/aihw-phe-246.pdf.aspx?inline=true end text"},{"key":"bibr11-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Australian Law Review. (2018). Disproportionate incarceration rates. Pathways to justice inquiry. www.alrc.gov.au\/publication\/pathways-to-justice-inquiry-into-the-incarceration-rate-of-aboriginal-and-torres-strait-islander-peoples-alrc-report-133\/executive-summary-15\/disproportionate-incarceration-rate\/"},{"key":"bibr12-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418825.2018.1538421"},{"key":"bibr13-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10345329.2010.12035885"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr14-0306624X231165350","first-page":"44","volume":"9","author":"Baldry E.","year":"2011","journal-title":"HIV Australia"},{"key":"bibr15-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Baldry E., Bright D., Cale J., Day A., Dowse L., Giles M., Hardcastle L., Graffam J., McGillivray J., Newton D., Rowe S., Wodak J. (2018). A future beyond the wall: Improving post-release employment outcomes for people leaving prison final report. UNSW Sydney. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.26190\/5b4fd2de5cfb4"},{"key":"bibr16-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jppi.12039"},{"key":"bibr17-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004865813503351"},{"key":"bibr18-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Baldry E., Dowse L., Clarence M. (2012). People with intellectual and other cognitive disability in the criminal justice system. Sydney, University of New South Wales. https:\/\/www.facs.nsw.gov.au\/__data\/assets\/pdf_file\/0005\/591368\/189-Intellectual_and_cognitive_disability_in_criminal_justice_system-accessible.pdf"},{"key":"bibr19-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Banks C. W., Haney C., Jaffe D., Zimbardo P. (1971). The Stanford prison experiment. A simulation study of the psychology of imprisonment. web.stanford.edu\/dept\/spec_coll\/uarch\/exhibits\/Narration.pdf"},{"key":"bibr20-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0076835"},{"key":"bibr21-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2466\/pms.1973.37.2.523"},{"key":"bibr22-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Belton S., Barclay L. (2008). J block women of art project report: Evaluating community education in a prison setting. Dawn House in association with Ruby Gaea. Charles Darwin University. https:\/\/www.cdu.edu.au\/sites\/default\/files\/nursing\/documents\/JBlockWomenofArtProjectReport.pdf"},{"key":"bibr23-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2006.08.001"},{"key":"bibr24-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Billingsley G. (1998). The efficacy of the diagnostic drawing series with substance-related disordered clients. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Walden University. (cited in Betts 2005)."},{"key":"bibr25-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Black S. (1987). Low literacy and crime: A case study of the relationship (pp. 31\u201339). Australian Crime Prevention Council."},{"key":"bibr26-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101035"},{"key":"bibr27-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Modern Australian painting, 1970\/1975","author":"Bonython K.","year":"1976"},{"key":"bibr28-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Borzycki M., Baldry E. (2003). Promoting integration: The provision of prisoner post-release services. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 262. https:\/\/www.aic.gov.au\/publications\/tandi\/tandi262"},{"key":"bibr29-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"A therapist\u2019s guide to art therapy assessments: Tools of the trade","author":"Brooke S. L.","year":"1996"},{"key":"bibr30-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Social research methods","author":"Bryman A.","year":"2016","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr31-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Art apology\u2019 aims to keep young aboriginal people out of prison: An Australian-first program on the New South Wales north coast is trying a different way of breaking the cycle of crime among indigenous youth\u2014Young offenders are saying sorry to the victims of their crime in the form of a painting","author":"Burin M.","year":"2014"},{"key":"bibr32-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/bech.18.1.18"},{"key":"bibr33-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0004865818779418"},{"key":"bibr34-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Queensland offenders. \u2018Once were prisoners\u2019","author":"Campbell L.","year":"2015"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr35-0306624X231165350","first-page":"48","volume":"39","author":"Carol T. C.","year":"2000","journal-title":"American Journal of Art Therapy"},{"key":"bibr36-0306624X231165350","author":"Centre for Policy Development","year":"2020","journal-title":"Partners in crime: The relationship between disadvantage and Australia\u2019s criminal justice system"},{"key":"bibr37-0306624X231165350","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Quality Education","author":"Chen J.-M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr38-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Cohen B. M. (1986). The diagnostic drawing series rating guide. (Available from the DDS Project, P.O. Box 9853, Alexandria, VA 22304; referenced in Carol et al. 2000)."},{"key":"bibr39-0306624X231165350","first-page":"123","volume":"40","author":"Cohen-Liebman M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Art Therapy"},{"key":"bibr40-0306624X231165350","first-page":"469","volume-title":"The Wiley handbook of art therapy","author":"Cohen-Liebman M. S.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr41-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"A human rights approach to prison management: Handbook for prison staff","author":"Coyle A.","year":"2009","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr42-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"What works in offender rehabilitation: An evidence-based approach to assessment and treatment: An evidence-based approach to assessment and treatment","author":"Craig L. A.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr43-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2013","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr44-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2014","edition":"4"},{"key":"bibr45-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2018","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr46-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Designing and conducting mixed methods research","author":"Creswell J. W.","year":"2011","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr47-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Penal culture and hyperincarceration: The revival of the prison","author":"Cunneen C.","year":"2013"},{"key":"bibr48-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Vocational education and training for adult prisoners and offenders in Australia: Research readings","author":"Dawe S.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr49-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13218719.2020.1751335"},{"key":"bibr50-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52922\/ti260013"},{"key":"bibr51-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Day A., Davey L., Heseltine K., Howells K., Sarre R. (2004). Correctional offender treatment programs: The national picture in Australia. Report for the Criminology Research Council. crg.aic.gov\/reports"},{"key":"bibr52-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Australasian Corrections Education Association Inc","author":"Dean C.","year":"2003"},{"key":"bibr53-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07421656.2002.10129721"},{"key":"bibr54-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Djurichkovic A. (2011). Art in prisons: A literature review of the philosophies and impacts of visual arts programs for correctional populations. Report for Arts Access Australia. UTS Shopfront Student Series no 3. UTSePress https:\/\/opus.lib.uts.edu.au\/bitstream\/10453\/19836\/7\/Art%20in%20Prisons.pdf"},{"key":"bibr55-0306624X231165350","author":"Douglas J.","year":"1992","journal-title":"Crime classification manual. A standard system for investigating and classifying violent crimes"},{"key":"bibr56-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000486589102400205"},{"key":"bibr57-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"French P., Keyzer P. (2012, May 30). The impact of mental impairment legislation for people with cognitive impairment: The Aboriginal Disability Justice Campaign. Forum, Monash University. https:\/\/www.monash.edu\/law\/research\/centres\/castancentre\/public-events\/events\/2001-2014\/2012\/aboriginal-disability-justice"},{"key":"bibr58-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Boggo road prison: From riots to ruin","author":"Gage S.","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr59-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2019.101752"},{"key":"bibr60-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Gantt L. M. (1990). A validity study of the formal elements art therapy scale: The rating manual [Unpublished dissertation, University of Pittsburgh]."},{"key":"bibr61-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07421656.2009.10129372"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr62-0306624X231165350","first-page":"31","volume":"36","author":"Gantt L. M.","year":"1997","journal-title":"American Journal of Art Therapy"},{"key":"bibr63-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-137-27668-1"},{"key":"bibr64-0306624X231165350","first-page":"1","volume":"514","author":"Giles M.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice"},{"key":"bibr65-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11159-016-9604-3"},{"key":"bibr66-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0032885515575274"},{"key":"bibr67-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Cultivating emotional wellbeing: Museums & art therapy","author":"Green J.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr68-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483384436"},{"key":"bibr69-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2004.06.001"},{"key":"bibr70-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2005.11.003"},{"key":"bibr71-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X06294137"},{"key":"bibr72-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2009.02.004"},{"key":"bibr73-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aip.2008.10.002"},{"key":"bibr74-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Gussak D. (2013, October 22). Art behind bars: The trials of providing therapy in prison\u2014is art the key? Psychology Today [blogpost]. https:\/\/www.psychologytoday.com\/blog\/art-trial\/201310\/art-behind-bars"},{"key":"bibr75-0306624X231165350","first-page":"478","volume-title":"The wiley handbook of art therapy","author":"Gussak D. E.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr76-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"The Wiley handbook of art therapy","author":"Gussak D. E.","year":"2016"},{"issue":"2","key":"bibr77-0306624X231165350","first-page":"254","volume":"1","author":"Guthrie J.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Griffith Journal of Law & Human Dignity"},{"key":"bibr78-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40814-020-00743-6"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr79-0306624X231165350","first-page":"69","volume":"1","author":"Haney C.","year":"1972","journal-title":"International Journal of Criminology & Penology"},{"key":"bibr80-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12426"},{"key":"bibr81-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4018\/IJBIDE.2019010101"},{"key":"bibr82-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Art therapy and clinical neuroscience","author":"Hass-Cohen N.","year":"2008"},{"key":"bibr83-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Turning prisons into learning communities: A new vision for corrections education","author":"Hayman G. W.","year":"2012"},{"key":"bibr84-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja11.11352"},{"key":"bibr85-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Heseltine K., Sarre R., Day A. (2011). Prison-based correctional rehabilitation: An overview of intensive interventions for moderate to high risk offenders. Trends and Issues in Crime and Criminal Justice, 412, 1\u20136. https:\/\/www.aic.gov.au\/publications\/tandi\/tandi412","DOI":"10.52922\/ti272596"},{"key":"bibr86-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Convict colony: The remarkable story of the fledgling settlement that survived against the odds","author":"Hill D.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr87-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Art therapy and social action: Treating the world\u2019s wounds","author":"Hocoy D.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr88-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5204\/ijcjsd.v8i4.1046"},{"key":"bibr89-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Correctional offender treatment programs: The national picture in Australia","author":"Howells K.","year":"2004"},{"key":"bibr90-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8333.1997.tb00337.x"},{"key":"bibr91-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"The archetypes and the collective unconscious","author":"Jung C. G.","year":"1980"},{"key":"bibr92-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Art therapy and social action: Treating the world\u2019s wounds","author":"Junge M. B.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr93-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203855133"},{"key":"bibr94-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Art Therapy and social action: Treating the world\u2019s wounds","author":"Kaplan F.","year":"2007"},{"key":"bibr95-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12939-020-1155-3"},{"key":"bibr96-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Commission of review into corrective services in Queensland","author":"Kennedy J. J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"bibr97-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315733494"},{"key":"bibr98-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Latessa E. J., Cullen F. T., Gendreau P. (2002). Beyond correctional quackery: Professionalism and the possibility of effective treatment (pp. 43\u201349). Federal Probation."},{"key":"bibr99-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Research methods in health","author":"Liamputtong P.","year":"2010"},{"issue":"9","key":"bibr100-0306624X231165350","first-page":"22","volume":"8","author":"MacGillivray P.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Indigenous Law Bulletin"},{"key":"bibr101-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743718762099"},{"key":"bibr102-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10430-000"},{"key":"bibr103-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"McMillan A. (2003). Creative arts vision for corrections education, IFECSA Conference 2003. Australasian Corrections Education Association Inc. Retrieved October 20, 2010, from http:\/\/www.acea.org.au\/Content\/2003%20papers\/Paper%20McMillan.pdf"},{"key":"bibr104-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Morgan A. (2018). How much does prison really cost? Comparing the costs of imprisonment with community corrections. Australian Institute of Criminology, Research Report 5, ISSN (Online) 2206-7280. https:\/\/www.aic.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-05\/rr_05_240418_2.pdf"},{"key":"bibr105-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Nagle J. (1978). Report of the royal commission into NSW prisons. Sydney, NSW. Royal Commission into New South Wales Prisons (1976\u20131978). Parliament of New South Wales. G46890D-1"},{"key":"bibr106-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624X16645083"},{"key":"bibr107-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Understanding my role as an art therapist in the prison system","author":"Ngauja S. B.","year":"2016"},{"key":"bibr108-0306624X231165350","first-page":"4","volume-title":"Sage Research Methods: Encyclopedia of Survey Research Methods","author":"Olsen R.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr109-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203341049"},{"key":"bibr110-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"The history of Australian corrections","author":"O\u2019Toole S.","year":"2006"},{"key":"bibr111-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"The different drum: Community making and peace","author":"Peck M. S.","year":"1998","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr112-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Plowright M. (2020). Were your ancestors transported to Australia as convicts? Migration Museum. https:\/\/www.migrationmuseum.org\/were-your-ancestors-transported-to-australia-as-convicts\/"},{"key":"bibr113-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Prison Arts Collective. (2020). Prison Arts Collective expands access to the transformative power of the arts by providing programming in prisons and for communities impacted by incarceration. https:\/\/www.prisonartscollective.com\/"},{"key":"bibr114-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Prison Fellowship. (2018). Queensland productivity commission inquiry into imprisonment and recidivism. www.qpc.gov.au"},{"key":"bibr115-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Introduction to social research: quantitative and qualitative approaches","author":"Punch K. F.","year":"2014","edition":"3"},{"key":"bibr116-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Richards S. C., Ross J. I. (2001). Introducing the new school of convict criminology. Social Justice, 28(1), 177\u2013190. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/29768063"},{"key":"bibr117-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Robinson C. (2013). Women\u2019s custodial estate review (WCER). National Offender Management Service. https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/252851\/womens-custodial-estate-review.pdf"},{"key":"bibr118-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Russell S., Baldry E. (2020). The Booming Industry Continued: Australian Prisons. A report: 22. pp. University of New South Wales. https:\/\/www.cclj.unsw.edu.au\/article\/report-booming-industry-continued-australian-prisons-2020-update"},{"key":"bibr119-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Sarre R. (2010). Prison-based correctional offender rehabilitation programs: The 2009 national picture in Australia. Criminology Research Council: Consultancy: c05 08\/09"},{"issue":"6","key":"bibr120-0306624X231165350","first-page":"51","volume":"282","author":"Schlosser E.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Atlantic Monthly"},{"key":"bibr121-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Schwartz M., Russell S., Baldry E., Brown D., Cunneen C., Stubbs J. (2020). Obstacles to effective support of people released from prison: Wisdom from the field. https:\/\/unsw-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com\/permalink\/f\/a5fmj0\/unsworks_modsunsworks_71832"},{"key":"bibr122-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Corrections: An introduction","author":"Seiter R.","year":"2017","edition":"5"},{"key":"bibr123-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Convicts and the colonies: A study of penal transportation from Great Britain and Ireland to Australia and other parts of the British Empire","author":"Shaw A. G. L.","year":"1966"},{"key":"bibr124-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00050-5"},{"key":"bibr125-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Social Exclusion Unit. (1997). HL Deb 09 December 1997. vol 584 cc20-2WA. api.parliament.uk"},{"key":"bibr126-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Visual research methods in the social sciences: Awakening Visions","author":"Spencer S.","year":"2011"},{"key":"bibr127-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Unfinished Business: The Art of Gordon Bennett","author":"Stanhope, Z., Bernal, A., Wright, S., &amp; Almiron, F. J.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr128-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Nor iron bars a cage","author":"Stephenson J. R.","year":"1982"},{"key":"bibr129-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"What works in corrections? A review of the evaluation literature","author":"Sydes M.","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr130-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1747016114523771"},{"key":"bibr131-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-8856-3_15"},{"key":"bibr132-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Handbook for prison leaders","author":"United Nations Office on Crime and Drugs","year":"2010"},{"key":"bibr133-0306624X231165350","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Crime and criminology","author":"Vito G.","year":"2007","edition":"2"},{"key":"bibr134-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1375\/acri.39.1.109"},{"key":"bibr135-0306624X231165350","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511979682"},{"key":"bibr136-0306624X231165350","unstructured":"Westwood M. (2015, February 11). Unlocking creativity in prisons [Australian edition]. The Torch. https:\/\/thetorch.org.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/1.Torch_Summary_of_EvaluationV8.pdf"},{"key":"bibr137-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"The art of Frederick McCubbin","author":"Whitelaw B.","year":"1991"},{"key":"bibr138-0306624X231165350","volume-title":"Research methods in education: An introduction","author":"Wiersma W.","year":"2000","edition":"7"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr139-0306624X231165350","first-page":"19","volume":"56","author":"Wright R.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Correctional Education"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X231165350","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0306624X231165350","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X231165350","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:11:26Z","timestamp":1777457486000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0306624X231165350"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]},"references-count":139,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0306624X231165350"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624x231165350","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-624X","1552-6933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-624X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,8]]}}}