{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T22:14:55Z","timestamp":1787004895619,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706400000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Forensic case formulation (FCF) is a key activity within the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway (OPDP), performed by OPDP specialist offender managers (OMs) and psychologists. Although FCF training is provided to OMs, there are a number of questions about the adequacy and effectiveness of this training. Furthermore, it is unclear whether psychologists receive sufficient support to keep their FCF skills relevant and effective over time. This study aimed to investigate the FCF training experiences of OPDP staff, to assess staff satisfaction with this training, to identify ways of improving this training, and to explore the value of FCF from a staff perspective. To meet these aims, OPDP staff were asked to complete an online Qualtrics survey disseminated nationally. Results reveal a lack of standardized FCF training across the OPDP, contributing to poor staff satisfaction and confidence. These results highlight a need for FCF training improvement within the OPDP.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x231219986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]],"date-time":"2024-01-28T06:48:55Z","timestamp":1706424535000},"page":"309-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Forensic Case Formulation: Exploring the Knowledge, Opinions, and Training Experiences of Staff Working Within the Offender Personality Disorder Pathway"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3557-4907","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Wheable","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1694-5370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jason","family":"Davies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swansea University, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beckley K. (2022). Schema chemistry: An interpersonal framework for making sense of intimate partner violence. Journal of Clinical Psychology 78(1) 38\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.23295","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.23295"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Braun V. Clarke V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology 3(2) 77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown S. Beeley C. Patel G. V\u00f6llm B. (2016). Training probation officers in case formulation for personality disordered offenders. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 28(1) 50\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbm.2006","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown S. V\u00f6llm B. (2013). Case formulation in personality disordered offenders: Views from the front line. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 66(8) 263\u2013273. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbm.1887","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1887"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown S. V\u00f6llm B. (2016). The implementation of case formulation by probation officers: Service user and carer views. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 27(2) 215\u2013231. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14789949.2015.1122821","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2015.1122821"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davies J. Black S. Bentley N. Nagi C. (2013). Forensic case formulation: Theoretical ethical and practical issues. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 23(4) 304\u2013314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbm.1882","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1882"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation","author":"Eells T. D.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Eells T. D. (2007). Psychotherapy case formulation: History and current status. In Eeels T. D. (Ed.), Handbook of psychotherapy case formulation (2nd ed., pp. 3\u201332). Guildford Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S096318010909032X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hart S. Sturmey P. Logan C. McMurran M. (2011). Forensic case formulation. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 10(2) 118\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14999013.2011.577137","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2011.577137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","unstructured":"HMPPS. (2022). National evaluation of the male offender personality disorder pathway programme. Retrieved October 22 2023 from https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/1110465\/national-evaluation-of-the-male-opd-pathway.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hopton J. Cree A. Thompson S. Jones R. Jones R. (2018). An evaluation of the quality of HCR- 20 risk formulations: A comparison between HCR-20 Version 2 and HRC-20 Version 3. The International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 17(2) 1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14999013.2018.1460424","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2018.1460424"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Joseph N. Benefield N. (2012). A joint offender personality disorder pathway strategy: An outline summary. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 22(3) 210\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbm.1835","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1835"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knauer V. Walker J. Roberts A. (2017). Offender personality disorder pathway: The impact of case consultation and formulation with probation staff. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 28(6) 825\u2013840. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14789949.2017.1331370","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2017.1331370"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","unstructured":"MacDonald K. Frank M. (2016). When does passive learning improve the effectiveness of active learning. Cognitive Science. https:\/\/dblp.uni-trier.de\/db\/conf\/cogsci\/cogsci2016.html#MacDonaldF16"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mapplebeck C. Ramsden J. Lowton M. Short S. Burn F. (2017). Embedding psychological thinking: An evaluation of a regional training model for probation staff. Journal of Forensic Practice 19(1) 37\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jfp-12-2015-0053","DOI":"10.1108\/JFP-12-2015-0053"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMullan E. Ramsden J. Lowton M. (2014). Offender personality disorder pathway: Evaluation of team consultation. Mental Health Review Journal 19(3) 185\u2013195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/mhrj-12-2013-0041","DOI":"10.1108\/MHRJ-12-2013-0041"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McMurran M. Bruford S. (2016). Case formulation quality checklist: A revision based upon clinicians\u2019 views. Journal of Forensic Practice 18(1) 31\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/jfp-05-2015-0027","DOI":"10.1108\/JFP-05-2015-0027"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minhas P. Ghosh A. Swanzy L. (2012). The effects of passive and active learning on student preference and performance in an undergraduate basic science course. Anatomical Sciences Education 5(4) 200\u2013207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ase.1274","DOI":"10.1002\/ase.1274"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Minoudis P. Craissati J. Shaw J. McMurran M. Freestone M. Chuan S. J. Leonard A. (2013). An evaluation of case formulation training and consultation with probation officers. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 23(4) 252\u2013262. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbm.1890","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1890"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mumma G. H. Mooney S. (2007). Comparing the validity of alternative cognitive case formulations: A latent variable multivariate time series approach. Cognitive Therapy and Research 31(4) 451\u2013481. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10608-006-9062-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s10608-006-9062-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","unstructured":"National Offender Management Service & NHS England. (2015a). The Offender Personality Disorder Pathway strategy. https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/commissioning\/wpcontent\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2016\/02\/opd-strategy-nov-15.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","unstructured":"National Offender Management Service & NHS England. (2015b). Working with offenders with personality disorder: A practitioners guide. https:\/\/www.england.nhs.uk\/commissioning\/wpcontent\/uploads\/sites\/12\/2015\/10\/work-offndrs-persnlty-disorder-oct15.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Radcliffe K. McMullan E. Ramsden J. (2018). Developing offender manager competencies in completing case formulation. Probation Journal 65(1) 27\u201338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0264550517744272","DOI":"10.1177\/0264550517744272"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramsden J. Lowton M. Joyes E. (2014). The impact of case formulation focussed consultation on criminal justice staff and their attitudes to work with personality disorder. Mental Health Review Journal 19(2) 124\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/mhrj-12-2013-0039","DOI":"10.1108\/MHRJ-12-2013-0039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shaw J. Higgins C. Quartey C. (2017). The impact of collaborative case formulation with high risk offenders with personality disorder. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 28(6) 777\u2013789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14789949.2017.1324579","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2017.1324579"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Skeem J. L. Louden J. E. Polaschek D. L. L. Camp J. (2007). Assessing relationship quality in mandated community treatment: Blending care with control. Psychological Assessment 19(4) 397\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.19.4.397","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.19.4.397"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","first-page":"53","article-title":"Benefits of co-design in service design projects","volume":"5","author":"Steen M.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Steen M., Manschot M., De Koning N. (2011). Benefits of co-design in service design projects. International Journal of Design, 5(2), 53\u201360.","journal-title":"International Journal of Design"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119977018.ch13"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"V\u00f6llm B. (2014). Case formulation in personality disordered offenders \u2013 A Delphi survey of professionals. Criminal Behaviour and Mental Health 24(1) 60\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/cbm.1884","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1884"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Webermann A. R. Maldonado A. Singh R. Torres S. Bushee S. Murphy C. M. (2020). Centrality of traumatic events and men\u2019s intimate partner violence perpetration. Psychological Trauma: Theory Research Practice and Policy 12(2) 200\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tra0000497","DOI":"10.1037\/tra0000497"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wheable V. Davies J. (2020). Examining the evidence base for forensic case formulation: An Integrative review of recent research. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 19(3) 315\u2013328. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14999013.2019.1707331","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2019.1707331"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Whitton C. Small M. Lyon H. Barker L. Akiboh M. (2016). The impact of case formulation meetings for teams. Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 10(2) 145\u2013157. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/amhid-09-2015-0044","DOI":"10.1108\/AMHID-09-2015-0044"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X231219986","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0306624X231219986","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X231219986","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:11:42Z","timestamp":1777457502000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0306624X231219986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0306624X231219986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624x231219986","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-624X","1552-6933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-624X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,28]]}}}