{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:33:42Z","timestamp":1777714422814,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6-7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727654400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Shiite Muslims are one of the most influential ethnic minorities in Afghanistan. It appears that they are more victims of violence than other population groups in Afghanistan. On the other hand, the victimization rate in society is one of the most critical issues in criminology. Being victimized can lead to property loss, psychological trauma, and even death. Sensitive ethnic minorities are particularly pronounced in these challenges, especially in traditional societies such as Afghanistan. Therefore, the victimization rate and its influential factors among Shiite Muslims in Afghanistan need to be carefully analyzed. This is a survey study whose statistical population includes all residents of District 13 of Kabul, 285 of whom were selected using a structured questionnaire designed by the researcher and a multistage cluster sampling method. In addition, a multiple-choice Likert scale was used to measure the dependent and independent variables. The study\u2019s results indicate that more than 75% of the respondents and, in the past 5\u2009years, more than 80% of their friends and family members have been victimized. In addition, respondents reported that the overall average probability of victimization over the next 10\u2009years is 3.41 (the probability rate ranged from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 5). Women were more likely to be victimized than men, with average victimization rates of 1.38 and 1.24, respectively (the probability rate ranged from a minimum of 1 to a maximum of 2). There was also a significant positive correlation between victimization and other variables such as age, gender, marital status, education level, and economic status.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x241281970","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]],"date-time":"2024-09-30T05:39:36Z","timestamp":1727674776000},"page":"682-705","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Impressive Factors of the Victimization of Shiite Muslim Minorities in Afghanistan: A Case Study District 13 of Kabul during the Pre-Taliban Period"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"69","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4697-150X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mahmood","family":"Popal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seid Mahdi","family":"Seidzadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Islamic Republic of Iran"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"Alesha D. 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Courtship violence among college students. Family Relations 30 97\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/584242","DOI":"10.2307\/584242"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","unstructured":"Makuba C. (2019). Correlates of victimization of prisoners in maximum security prisons within Nairobi county in Kenya [Thesis of doctoral]. Kenyatta University. https:\/\/irlibrary.ku.ac.ke\/handle\/123456789\/19836?show=full"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","volume-title":"The right to security and the right to security, Introduction to human-centered crime risk management: Soodabeh Rezvani","author":"Najafi Aberandabadi A. H.","year":"2012","unstructured":"Najafi Aberandabadi A. H. (2012). The right to security and the right to security, Introduction to human-centered crime risk management: Soodabeh Rezvani (1st ed.). Tehran, Mizan Publications.","edition":"1"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nunziata L. (2015). Immigration and crime: Evidence from victimization data. 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