{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T23:57:55Z","timestamp":1792799875287,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"16","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]],"date-time":"2025-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1737072000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology, and Higher Education, and the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/00snfqn58","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD) is a promising novel scale that measures psychopathic traits and includes an additional conduct disorder factor that taps the antisocial dimension of psychopathy. The current study sought to broaden the application of PSCD by examining the factor structure, convergent and discriminant validity, and connections to delinquency in a young adult sample (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009450;\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200931.91\u2009years,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SD<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200913.02\u2009years) obtained from the Brazilian community. Participants completed a self-report version of the PSCD along with other theoretically meaningful psychometric measures. Results supported a four-factor intercorrelated factor structure, with male participants scoring significantly higher than female participants on the PSCD total, grandiose-manipulative (GM), callous-unemotional (CU), daring-impulsive (DI), and conduct disorder (CD) factors. The four factors of the PSCD mainly presented positive, moderate to high significant inter-correlations and adequate reliability. The convergent validity with measures of the dark tetrad of personality, difficulties in emotion regulation, and self-reported delinquency also revealed positive moderate significant associations. Our findings support the use of the PSCD as a promising short, time-effective self-report measure of psychopathic traits in young adults.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x241313282","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,18]],"date-time":"2025-01-18T00:22:54Z","timestamp":1737159774000},"page":"1671-1689","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Psychometric Examination of the Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder Self-Report (PSCD) Among an Adult Community Sample From Brazil"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3728-5380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro","family":"Pechorro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Coimbra, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0702-9992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bruno","family":"Bonf\u00e1-Araujo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Makilim","family":"Nunes Baptista","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pontif\u00edcia Universidade Cat\u00f3lica de Campinas, Campinas, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Nunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Algarve, Faro, Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5964-5848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matt","family":"DeLisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa State University, Ames, IO, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randall T.","family":"Salekin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellamy N. A. Neumann C. S. Mendez B. Batky B. D. DeGroot H. Hare R. D. Salekin R. T. (2024). Proposed specifiers for conduct disorder (PSCD): Further validation of the parent-report version in a nationally representative U.S. sample of 10- to 17-year olds. Psychological Assessment 36(3) 175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0001302","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001302"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellamy N. A. Salekin R. T. Makol B. A. Augenstein T. M. De los Reyes A. (2023). The Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder\u2013Parent (PSCD-P): Convergent validity incremental validity and reactions to unfamiliar peer confederates. Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology 5 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-023-01056-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-023-01056-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","volume-title":"Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research","author":"Brown T. A.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Brown T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research (2nd ed.). Guilford Press.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cicchetti D. V. (1994). Guidelines criteria and rules of thumb for evaluating normed and standardized assessment instruments in psychology. Psychological Assessment 6(4) 284\u2013290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.6.4.284"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705510701301834"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark L. Watson D. (2016). Constructing validity: Basic issues in objective scale development. In Kazdin A. E. (Ed.) Methodological issues and strategies in clinical research (pp. 187\u2013203). American Psychological Association. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/14805-012","DOI":"10.1037\/14805-012"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Clark L. Watson D. (2019). Constructing validity: New developments in creating objective measuring instruments. Psychological Assessment 31(12) 1412\u20131427. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000626","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000626"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colins O. Andershed H. (2016). The youth psychopathic traits inventory-short version in a general population sample of emerging adults. Psychological Assessment 28 449\u2013457. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000189","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000189"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colins O. Bisback A. Recul\u00e9 C. Batky B. D. L\u00f3pez-Romero L. Hare R. D. Salekin R. T. (2023). The proposed specifiers for conduct disorder (PSCD) Scale: Factor structure and validation of the self-report version in a forensic sample of Belgian youth. Assessment 30(4) 1302\u20131320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10731911221094256","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911221094256"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Colins O. Van Damme L. Hendriks A. M. Georgiou G. (2020). The DSM-5 with limited prosocial emotions specifier for conduct disorder: A systematic literature review. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 42 248-258. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10862-020-09799-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10862-020-09799-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-46907-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deng L. Chan W. (2017). Testing the difference between reliability coefficients alpha and omega. Educational and Psychological Measurement 77(2) 185\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0013164416658325","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164416658325"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elhami Athar M. Kargari Padar L. Sharifi Nejad A. Karimi S. Ebrahimi A. Salekin R. T. Colins O. F. (2022). Validation of the proposed specifiers for conduct disorder (PSCD) self-report version in Iranian school-attending adolescents. Journal of Personality Assessment 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2022.2117046","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2022.2117046"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Frick P. J. White S. F. (2008). Research review: The importance of callous-unemotional traits for developmental models of aggressive and antisocial behavior. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 49(4) 359\u2013375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2007.01862.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garofalo C. Neumann C. S. Velotti P. (2018). Difficulties in emotion regulation and psychopathic traits in violent offenders. Journal of Criminal Justice 57 116\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2018.05.013","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2018.05.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Garofalo C. Neumann C. S. Kosson D. S. Velotti P. (2020). Psychopathy and emotion dysregulation: More than meets the eye. Psychiatry Research 290 113160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.113160"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Geerlings Y. Asscher J. J. Stams G-J. J. M. Assink M. (2020). The association between psychopathy and delinquency in juveniles: A three-level meta-analysis. Aggressive and Violent Behavior 50 101342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2019.101342","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2019.101342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gratz K. L. Roemer L. (2004). Multidimensional assessment of emotion regulation and dysregulation: Development factor structure and initial validation of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment 26 41\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOBA.0000007455.08539.94"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","author":"Guilhermino C. S.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Guilhermino C. S., Bonf\u00e1-Araujo B., Azevedo T. G., Silva J. L. P., Hauck-Filho N., Bandeira P. F. R., Tondin C. F., Alvarenga M. A. S. (2024). Cross-cultural adaptation of Short Dark Tetrad (SD4): Network analysis applied to Brazilian samples. [Manuscript submitted for publication].","journal-title":"Cross-cultural adaptation of Short Dark Tetrad (SD4): Network analysis applied to Brazilian samples"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","volume-title":"Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us","author":"Hare R. D.","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hare R. D. (1999). Without conscience: The disturbing world of the psychopaths among us. The Guilford Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harpur T. J. Hare R. D. Hakstian A. R. (1989). Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: Construct validity and assessment implications. Psychological Assessment 1(1) 6\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1040-3590.1.1.6","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.1.1.6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","unstructured":"Harris K. M. (2013). The Add Health study: Design and accomplishments. Carolina Population Center: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.cpc.unc.edu\/projects\/addhealth\/documentation\/guides\/DesignPaperWIIV.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","author":"IBM Corp","year":"2022","unstructured":"IBM Corp. (2022). IBM SPSS statistics for windows (version 29). Author.","journal-title":"IBM SPSS statistics for windows"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","unstructured":"International Test Commission. (2017). The ITC guidelines for translating and adapting Tests (2nd ed.). http:\/\/www.InTestCom.org"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee Y. Kim J. (2022). Psychopathic traits and different types of criminal behavior: An assessment of direct effects and mediating processes. Journal of Criminal Justice 80 101772. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2020.101772","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2020.101772"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leistico A-M. R. Salekin R. T. DeCoster J. Rogers R. (2008). A large-scale meta-analysis relating the Hare measures of psychopathy to antisocial conduct. Law and Human Behavior 32 28\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10979-007-9096-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10979-007-9096-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Romero L. Cutr\u00edn O. Maneiro L. Salekin R. T. (2022). Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder-Short Version (PSCD-SV): Psychometric properties concurrent correlates and parenting predictors. Child Psychiatry and Human Development 4 6. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-022-01335-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-022-01335-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"L\u00f3pez-Romero L. Romero E. Colins O. F. Andershed H. Hare R. D. Salekin R. T. (2019). Proposed specifiers for conduct disorder (PSCD): Preliminary validation of the parent version in a Spanish sample of preschoolers. Psychological Assessment 31(11) 1357\u20131367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0000759","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000759"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Luo J. Wang M.-C. Neumann C. S. Hare R. D. Salekin R. T. (2021). Factor structure and construct validity of the proposed specifiers for conduct disorder (PSCD) scale in Chinese adolescents. Assessment 28(7) 1765\u20131784. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191120949914","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191120949914"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado G. M. Hauck-Filho N. Lima-Costa A. R. Carvalho L. D. F. (2023). An empirical test of a new trait-based measure for psychopathy in a community sample of adults. International Journal of Testing 23(4) 276\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15305058.2023.2249568","DOI":"10.1080\/15305058.2023.2249568"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Machado G. M. Silva M. P. P. Sellbom M. Hauck-Filho N. Carvalho L. F. (2024). Validity of the expanded levenson self-report psychopathy (E-LSRP) in a Brazilian sample: Factor structure construct validity and associations with the Brazilian Jeitinho. Deviant Behavior 5 1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639625.2024.2371584","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2024.2371584"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","volume-title":"An\u00e1lise estat\u00edstica com o SPSS Statistics","author":"Maroco J.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Maroco J. (2021). An\u00e1lise estat\u00edstica com o SPSS Statistics [Statistical analysis with SPSS Statistics] (8th ed.). ReportNumber Ltd. Pero Pinheiro.","edition":"8"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","volume-title":"An\u00e1lise de equa\u00e7\u00f5es estruturais: Fundamentos te\u00f3ricos, software & aplica\u00e7\u00f5es","author":"Maroco J.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Maroco J. (2024). An\u00e1lise de equa\u00e7\u00f5es estruturais: Fundamentos te\u00f3ricos, software & aplica\u00e7\u00f5es [Structural equation modelling: Theorethical foundations, software and applications] (3rd ed). ReportNumber Ltd. Pero Pinheiro.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_35_1","author":"Mendez B.","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mendez B., Batky B. D., Salekin R. T. (2023). What is the best source of information for psychopathic traits in youth? A review and meta-analysis of self- and other-reported psychopathic traits and their association with negative outcomes. [Manuscript submitted for publication].","journal-title":"What is the best source of information for psychopathic traits in youth? A review and meta-analysis of self- and other-reported psychopathic traits and their association with negative outcomes"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miguel F. K. Giromini L. Colombarolli M. S. Zuanazzi A. C. Zennaro A. (2017). A Brazilian investigation of the 36- and 16-item Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scales. Journal of Clinical Psychology 73(9) 1146\u20131159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.22404","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22404"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muratori P. Buonanno C. Gallani A. Grossi G. Levantini V. Milone A. Pisano S. Salekin R. T. Sesso G. Masi G. Nocentini A. (2021). Validation of the Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD) scale in a sample of Italian students. Children 8(11) 1020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/children8111020","DOI":"10.3390\/children8111020"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Neumann C. S. Schmitt D. S. Carter R. Embley I. Hare R. D. (2012). Psychopathic traits in females and males across the globe. Behavioral Sciences & the Law 30(5) 557\u2013574. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.2038","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.2038"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Paulhus D. L. Buckels E. E. Trapnell P. D. Jones D. N. (2021). Screening for dark personalities: The Short Dark Tetrad (SD4). European Journal of Psychological Assessment 37(3) 208\u2013222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000602","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000602"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pechorro P. Gomide P. DeLisi M. Sim\u00f5es M. (2024). Does a conduct disorder factor increment the capacity of the Youth Psychopathic Traits Inventory-Short to predict criminal recidivism? Journal of Criminal Psychology 14(3) 259\u2013270. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JCP-09-2023-0056","DOI":"10.1108\/JCP-09-2023-0056"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pechorro P. Moreira K. Basto-Pereira M. Oliveira J. P. Ray J. V. (2019). The Self-Report Delinquency Scale from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health among at-risk for delinquency youths. Violence and Victims 34(1) 120\u2013135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.34.1.120","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.VV-D-17-00165"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pechorro P. Karandikar S. Carvalho B. DeLisi M. Jones D. (2023). Screening for dark personalities in Portugal: Intra- and interpersonal correlates reliability and invariance of the Short Dark Tetrad Portuguese version. Deviant Behavior 44 551\u2013566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639625.2022.2071655","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2022.2071655"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putnick D. L. Bornstein M. H. (2016). Measurement invariance conventions and reporting: The state of the art and future directions for psychological research. Developmental Review 41 71\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dr.2016.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ray J. V. Baker T. Caudy M. S. (2020). Revisiting the generality of rational choice theory: Evidence for general patterns but differential effects across varying levels of psychopathy. Journal of Criminal Justice 66 101654. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2019.101654","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2019.101654"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reidy D. E. Kearns M. C. DeGue S. Lilienfeld S. O. Massetti G. Kiehl K. A. (2015). Why psychopathy matters: Implications for public health and violence prevention. Aggression and Violent Behavior 24 214\u2013225. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2015.05.018","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2015.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ribeiro da Silva D. Sousa R. Rijo D. Mendez B. Tsang S. Salekin R. T. (2022). Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD): Factor structure and validation of the self-report version in community and forensic samples of Portuguese youth. Assessment 30(1) 124\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10731911211044534","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211044534"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rosseel Y. (2012). Lavaan: An R Package for Structural Equation Modeling. Journal of Statistical Software 48(2) 1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salekin R. T. (2016a). Psychopathy in childhood: Toward better informing the DSM-5 and ICD-11 conduct disorder specifiers. Personality Disorders: Theory Research and Treatment 7 180\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/per0000150","DOI":"10.1037\/per0000150"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salekin R. T. (2016b). Psychopathy in childhood: Why should we care about grandiose-manipulative and daring-impulsive traits? British Journal of Psychiatry 209 189\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.179051","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.115.179051"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salekin R. T. Charles N. E. Barry C. T. Hare R. D. Batky B. D. Mendez B. Neumann C. S. (2022). Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD): Factor structure and psychometric properties in a residential school facility. Psychological Assessment 3 1162. http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1037\/pas0001162","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0001162"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salekin R. T. L\u00f3pez-Romero L. Grant J. C. Batky B. D. Uzieblo K. Colins O. F. (2024). Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD) self-report: Factor structure and validation in a community sample of Belgian youth. Personality and Mental Health 18(1) 4\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/pmh.1590","DOI":"10.1002\/pmh.1590"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Salekin R. T. Hare R. (2016). Proposed Specifiers for Conduct Disorder (PSCD) scale. Unpublished test.","DOI":"10.1037\/t91056-000"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Van De Schoot R. Lugtig P. Hox J. (2012). A checklist for testing measurement invariance. European Journal of Developmental Psychology 9 486\u2013492. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17405629.2012.686740","DOI":"10.1080\/17405629.2012.686740"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams K. Paulhus D. Hare R. (2007). Capturing the four-factor structure of psychopathy in college students via self-report. Journal of Personality Assessment 88 205\u2013219. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223890701268074","DOI":"10.1080\/00223890701268074"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X241313282","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0306624X241313282","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X241313282","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T05:16:32Z","timestamp":1792300592000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0306624X241313282"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"16","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0306624X241313282"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624x241313282","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-624X","1552-6933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-624X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,17]]}}}