{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T09:32:31Z","timestamp":1777714351666,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743206400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743206400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Emerging adulthood is increasingly acknowledged as a discrete developmental stage with its own specific challenges. Identity formation is a major development task during emerging adulthood, yet its relationship to dynamic risk factors remains unclear. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the association between identity diffusion and dynamic risk factors in a sample of young, incarcerated adults. The study involved 99 males between ages of 18 and 23, serving custodial sentences in four Lithuanian prisons. Zero-order correlations showed significant relationships between the length of the current sentence and psychopathology, and the number of previous sentencing occasions and dynamic risk factors. The results of hierarchical regression analysis revealed that identity diffusion explained dynamic risk factors above and beyond criminal history, protective factors, and psychopathology. These findings support a developmentally informed approach to correctional treatment, suggesting that interventions targeting identity diffusion could be suitable and beneficial for young, incarcerated adults. Limitations and future directions are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x251329030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]],"date-time":"2025-03-29T17:38:02Z","timestamp":1743269882000},"page":"71-87","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Role of Identity Formation in Explaining Dynamic Risk Factors Among Incarcerated Emerging Adults"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4526-4456","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginija","family":"Klimukiene","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Vilnius University, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8165-422X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredas","family":"Laurinavicius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vilnius University, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-6276-8399","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra","family":"Bagdonaite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independant Researcher"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0203-5496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gintautas","family":"Sakalauskas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vilnius University, Lithuania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the ASEBA adult forms & profiles","author":"Achenbach T. M.","year":"2003","unstructured":"Achenbach T. M., Rescorla L. A. (2003). Manual for the ASEBA adult forms & profiles. University of Vermont, Research Center for Children, Youth, & Families."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Beech A. R. Ward T. (2004). The integration of etiology and risk in sexual offenders: A theoretical framework. Aggression and Violent Behavior 10(1) 31\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2003.08.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2003.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","volume-title":"The psychology of criminal conduct","author":"Bonta J.","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bonta J., Andrews D. A. (2017). The psychology of criminal conduct (6th ed.). Routledge.","edition":"6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Branje S. de Moor E. L. Spitzer J. Becht A. I. (2021). Dynamics of identity development in adolescence: A decade in review. Journal of Research on Adolescence 31(4) 908\u2013927. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jora.12678","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12678"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brouillette-Alarie S. Proulx J. (2019). The etiology of risk in sexual offenders: A preliminary model. Sexual Abuse 31(4) 431\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063218759325","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063218759325"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bui L. Deakin J. (2021). What we talk about when we talk about vulnerability and youth crime: A narrative review. Aggression and Violent Behavior 58 Article 101605. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2021.101605","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2021.101605"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Casey B. J. Heller A. S. Gee D. G. Cohen A. O. (2019). Development of the emotional brain. Neuroscience Letters 693 29\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.11.055","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.11.055"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cauffman E. Cavanagh C. Donley S. Thomas A. G. (2015). A developmental perspective on adolescent risk-taking and criminal behavior. In Piquero A. R. (Ed.) The handbook of criminological theory (pp. 100\u2013120). Wiley. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781118512449.ch6","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118512449.ch6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","volume-title":"Psychotherapy for borderline personality: Focusing on object relations","author":"Clarkin J. F.","year":"2006","unstructured":"Clarkin J. F., Yeomans F. E., Kernberg O. F. (2006). Psychotherapy for borderline personality: Focusing on object relations. American Psychiatric Publishing."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crocetti E. Klimstra T. A. Hale W. W. Koot H. M. Meeus W. (2013). Impact of early adolescent externalizing problem behaviors on identity development in middle to late adolescence: A prospective 7-Year longitudinal study. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 42(11) 1745\u20131758. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-013-9924-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-9924-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cunha O. Castro Rodrigues A. Caridade S. Dias A. R. Almeida T. C. Cruz A. R. Peixoto M. M. (2023). The impact of imprisonment on individuals\u2019 mental health and society reintegration: Study protocol. BMC Psychology 11 Article 215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40359-023-01252-w","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-023-01252-w"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"56","article-title":"Aggression und kritischer Alkoholkonsum sind korreliert mit Identit\u00e4tsdiffusion bei jugendlichen Straft\u00e4tern","volume":"18","author":"Dammann G.","year":"2011","unstructured":"Dammann G., Gremaud-Heitz D., Scharnowski R., Ptucha J. (2011). Aggression und kritischer Alkoholkonsum sind korreliert mit Identit\u00e4tsdiffusion bei jugendlichen Straft\u00e4tern [aggression and critical alcohol consumption are correlated with identity diffusion among young offenders]. Forensische Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie, 18(3), 56\u201370.","journal-title":"Forensische Psychiatrie und Psychotherapie"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dent H. Ward T. (2023). An enactive view of identity transformation: Implications for correctional rehabilitation. Aggression and Violent Behavior 69 Article 101810. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2022.101810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2022.101810"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Desmarais S. L. Sellers B. G. Viljoen J. L. Cruise K. R. Nicholls T. L. Dvoskin J. A. (2012). Pilot implementation and preliminary evaluation of START: AV assessments in secure juvenile correctional facilities. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 11(3) 150\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14999013.2012.737405","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2012.737405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Vries L. P. van de Weijer M. P. Ligthart L. Willemsen G. Dolan C. V. Boomsma D. I. Baselmans B. M. L. Bartels M. (2020). A comparison of the ASEBA adult self report (ASR) and the brief problem monitor (BPM\/18-59). Behavior Genetics 50(5) 363\u2013373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10519-020-10001-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-020-10001-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","volume-title":"Protective factors: Validation of the structured assessment of protective factors for violence risk in forensic psychiatry","author":"de Vries Robb\u00e9 M","year":"2014","unstructured":"de Vries Robb\u00e9 M. (2014). Protective factors: Validation of the structured assessment of protective factors for violence risk in forensic psychiatry. Doctoral thesis, Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen, Van der Hoeven Kliniek."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dickens G. L. O\u2019Shea L. E. (2017). Protective factors in risk assessment schemes for adolescents in mental health and criminal justice populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis of their predictive efficacy. Adolescent Research Review 3(1) 95\u2013112. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40894-017-0062-3","DOI":"10.1007\/s40894-017-0062-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Douglas K. S. Skeem J. L. (2006). Violence risk assessment: Getting specific about being dynamic. Psychology Public Policy and Law 11(3) 347\u2013383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/1076-8971.11.3.347","DOI":"10.1037\/1076-8971.11.3.347"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Bausmi\u0173 taikymo ir vykdymo tarptautinis palyginimas, tendencijos ir perspektyvos Lietuvoje","author":"D\u00fcnkel F.","year":"2017","unstructured":"D\u00fcnkel F., Sakalauskas G. (2017). \u012ekalinimo praktikos Europos \u0161alyse palyginimas. In Sakalauskas G. (red.), Bausmi\u0173 taikymo ir vykdymo tarptautinis palyginimas, tendencijos ir perspektyvos Lietuvoje (pp. 91\u2013116). Lietuvos teis\u0117s institutas, \u017dara."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","volume-title":"Identity youth and crisis","author":"Erikson E. H.","year":"1968","unstructured":"Erikson E. H. (1968). Identity youth and crisis. W.W. Norton."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrington D. P. Loeber R. Howell J. C. (2012). Young adult offenders. Criminology & Public Policy 11(4) 729\u2013750. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2012.00842.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2012.00842.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farrington D. P. Loeber R. Howell J. C. (2017). Increasing the minimum age for adult court. Criminology & Public Policy 16(1) 83\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1745-9133.12259","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9133.12259"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fazel S. Hayes A. J. Bartellas K. Clerici M. Trestman R. (2016). Mental health of prisoners: Prevalence adverse outcomes and interventions. The Lancet Psychiatry 3(9) 871\u2013881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s2215-0366(16)30142-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)30142-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Finseth S. Peterson-Badali M. Brown S. L. Skilling T. A. (2022). Promoting rehabilitation among youth on probation: An examination of strengths as specific responsivity factors. Criminal Justice and Behavior 49(5) 745\u2013760. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00938548211039881","DOI":"10.1177\/00938548211039881"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Foelsch P. A. Odom A. E. Kernberg O. F. (2008). Modifications \u00e0 la psychoth\u00e9rapie focalis\u00e9e sur le transfert (PFT) pour le traitement des adolescents avec une identit\u00e9 diffuse. Sant\u00e9 mentale au Qu\u00e9bec 33(1) 37\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7202\/018472ar","DOI":"10.7202\/018472ar"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fountain E. Mikytuck A. Woolard J. (2021). Treating emerging adults differently: How developmental science informs perceptions of justice policy. Translational Issues in Psychological Science 7(1) Article 65. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/tps0000248","DOI":"10.1037\/tps0000248"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fries D. Rossegger A. Endrass J. Singh J. P. (2013). The prediction of criminal recidivism using routinely available file information. International Journal of Psychological Research 6(2) 8\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21500\/20112084.671","DOI":"10.21500\/20112084.671"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gavel D. W. Mandracchia J. T. (2016). Who do you think you are? An initial investigation of ego identity development and criminogenic thinking among incarcerated offenders. Journal of Criminal Psychology 6(3) 102\u2013113. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JCP-04-2016-0013","DOI":"10.1108\/JCP-04-2016-0013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","volume-title":"AIDA 19+ (Assessment of identity development in adolescence) German Version: A self-report questionnaire for measuring identity development in young adulthood\u2014Short manual","author":"Goth K.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Goth K., Schmeck K. (2018). AIDA 19+ (Assessment of identity development in adolescence) German Version: A self-report questionnaire for measuring identity development in young adulthood\u2014Short manual. Academic-Tests."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hasanah U. Susanti H. Panjaitan R. U. (2019). Family experience in facilitating adolescents during self-identity development in ex-localization in Indonesia. BMC Nursing 18(Suppl. 1) Article 35. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12912-019-0358-7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12912-019-0358-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2017.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karvonen M. Goth K. Eloranta S. J. Kaltiala R. (2022). Identity integration in adolescents with features of gender dysphoria compared to adolescents in general population. Frontiers in Psychiatry 13 Article 848282. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.848282","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.848282"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","volume-title":"Schwere Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsst\u00f6rungen: Theorie, diagnose, Behandlun-gsstrategien","author":"Kernberg O. F.","year":"1989","unstructured":"Kernberg O. F. (1989). Schwere Pers\u00f6nlichkeitsst\u00f6rungen: Theorie, diagnose, Behandlun-gsstrategien. Klett-Cotta."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kleeven A. T. H. de Vries Robb\u00e9 M. Mulder E. A. Popma A. (2023). The validity of violence risk assessment in young adults: A comparative study of Juvenile and adult risk assessment tools. Emerging Adulthood 11(6) 1409\u20131422. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/21676968231184278","DOI":"10.1177\/21676968231184278"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Klimukien\u0117 V. Laurinavi\u010dius A. Laurinaityt\u0117 I. Ustinavi\u010di\u016bt\u0117 L. Baltr\u016bnas M. (2018). Examination of convergent validity of start: AV ratings among male juveniles on probation. International Journal of Psychology: A Biopsychosocial Approach 22 31\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7220\/2345-024X.22","DOI":"10.7220\/2345-024X.22.2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kroger J. Martinussen M. Marcia J. E. (2009). Identity status change during adolescence and young adulthood: A meta-analysis. Journal of Adolescence 33(5) 683\u2013698. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2009.11.002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2009.11.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kurlychek M. C. Brame R. Bushway S. D. (2006). Scarlet letters and recidivism: Does old criminal record predict future offending? Criminology & Public Policy 5(3) 483\u2013504. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2006.00397.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9133.2006.00397.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lillevoll K. R. Kroger J. Martinussen M. (2013). Identity status and anxiety: A meta-analysis. Identity 13(3) 214\u2013227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15283488.2013.799432","DOI":"10.1080\/15283488.2013.799432"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marcia J. E. (2006). Ego identity and personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders 20(6) 577\u2013596. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/pedi.2006.20.6.577","DOI":"10.1521\/pedi.2006.20.6.577"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/lhb0000228"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_42_1","unstructured":"Mendel R. A. (2022). Why youth incarceration fails: An updated review of the evidence. The Sentencing Project Report. https:\/\/www.sentencingproject.org\/reports\/why-youth-incarceration-fails-an-updated-review-of-the-evidence\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Monahan K. C. Steinberg L. Cauffman E. Mulvey E. P. (2013). Psychosocial (im)maturity from adolescence to early adulthood: Distinguishing between adolescence-limited and persisting antisocial behavior. Development and Psychopathology 25(4pt1) 1093\u20131105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579413000394","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579413000394"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Noyori-Corbett C. Moon S. S. (2010). Multifaceted reality of juvenile delinquency: An empirical analysis of structural theories and literature. Child & Adolescent Social Work Journal 27(4) 245\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10560-010-0205-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-010-0205-x"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_45_1","first-page":"61","article-title":"Identity development of the incarcerated adolescent with particular reference to prison gang membership","volume":"20","author":"Peacock R.","year":"2007","unstructured":"Peacock R., Theron A. (2007). Identity development of the incarcerated adolescent with particular reference to prison gang membership. Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology, 20(3), 61\u201374.","journal-title":"Acta Criminologica: Southern African Journal of Criminology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polaschek D. L. L. (2016). Desistance and dynamic risk factors belong together. Psychology Crime & Law 22(1\u20132) 171\u2013189. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1068316X.2015.1114114","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2015.1114114"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_47_1","volume-title":"Culture-adapted version Lithuanian of the self-report questionnaire AIDA (Assessment of Identity Development in Adolescence; authors Goth & Schmeck): Identity in young adulthood\u2014Short manual","author":"Ragelien\u0117 T.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ragelien\u0117 T., Barkauskien\u0117 R. (2020). Culture-adapted version Lithuanian of the self-report questionnaire AIDA (Assessment of Identity Development in Adolescence; authors Goth & Schmeck): Identity in young adulthood\u2014Short manual. Academic-tests."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rice S. M. O\u2019Gorman K. M. Jovev M. Cranston I. Borschmann R. Cotton S. Belshaw J. Purcell R. Chanen A. (2023). Unmet mental health and criminogenic needs among justice-involved young people: A role for clinicians in the community. Clinical Psychologist 27(2) 259\u2013268. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13284207.2023.2210280","DOI":"10.1080\/13284207.2023.2210280"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_49_1","volume-title":"Kalinimo s\u0105lygos ir kalini\u0173 socialin\u0117s integracijos prielaidos","author":"Sakalauskas G.","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sakalauskas G., Jarutien\u0117 L., Kalpokas V., Vai\u010di\u016bnien\u0117 R. (2020). Kalinimo s\u0105lygos ir kalini\u0173 socialin\u0117s integracijos prielaidos. Lietuvos teis\u0117s institutas, \u017dara."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schwartz S. J. Beyers W. Luyckx K. Soenens B. Zamboanga B. L. Forthun L. F. Hardy S. A. Vazsonyi A. T. Ham L. S. Kim S. Y. Whitbourne S. K. Waterman A. S. (2010). Examining the light and dark sides of emerging adults\u2019 identity: A study of identity status differences in positive and negative psychosocial functioning. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 40(7) 839\u2013859. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10964-010-9606-6","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-010-9606-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Serin R. C. Chadwick N. Lloyd C. D. (2016). Dynamic risk and protective factors. Psychology Crime & Law 22(1\u20132) 151\u2013170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1068316X.2015.1112013","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2015.1112013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharp C. McLaren V. Musetti A. Vanwoerden S. Hernandez Ortiz J. Schmeck K. Birkhoelzer M. Goth K. (2023). The assessment of identity development in adolescence (AIDA) Questionnaire: First psychometric evaluation in two North American samples of young people. Journal of Personality Assessment 105(4) 451\u2013462. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00223891.2022.2119860","DOI":"10.1080\/00223891.2022.2119860"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Shepherd S. M. Strand S. Viljoen J. L. Daffern M. (2018). Evaluating the utility of \u201cstrength\u201d items when assessing the risk of young offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry & Psychology 29(4) 597\u2013616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14789949.2018.1425474","DOI":"10.1080\/14789949.2018.1425474"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_54_1","volume-title":"ASEBA suaugusi\u0173j\u0173 klausimyno vadovas","author":"\u0160imulionien\u0117 R.","year":"2016","unstructured":"\u0160imulionien\u0117 R., Gedutien\u0117 R., Rugevi\u010dius M., \u017dakaitien\u0117 A., Brazdeikien\u0117 L. (2016). ASEBA suaugusi\u0173j\u0173 klausimyno vadovas. Klaip\u0117dos universiteto leidykla."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh J. P. Desmarais S. L. Sellers B. G. Hylton T. Tirotti M. Van Dorn R. A. (2014). From risk assessment to risk management: Matching interventions to adolescent offenders\u2019 strengths and vulnerabilities. Children and Youth Services Review 47 1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2013.09.015","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2013.09.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viljoen J. L. Beneteau J. L. Gulbransen E. Brodersen E. Desmarais S. L. Nicholls T. L. Cruise K. R. (2012). Assessment of multiple risk outcomes strengths and change with the START:AV: A short-term prospective study with adolescent offenders. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 11(3) 165\u2013180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14999013.2012.737407","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2012.737407"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viljoen J. L. Bhanwer A. K. Shaffer C. S. Douglas K. S. (2020). Assessing protective factors for adolescent offending: A conceptually informed examination of the SAVRY and YLS\/CMI. Assessment 27(5) 959\u2013975. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1073191118768435","DOI":"10.1177\/1073191118768435"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viljoen J. L. Cruise K. R. Nicholls T. L. Desmarais S. L. Webster C. (2012). Taking stock and taking steps: The case for an adolescent version of the short-assessment of risk and treatability. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 11(3) 135\u2013149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14999013.2012.737406","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2012.737406"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_59_1","volume-title":"Short-term assessment of risk and treatability: Adolescent version. START:AV user guide","author":"Viljoen J. L.","year":"2014","unstructured":"Viljoen J. L., Nicholls T. L., Cruise K. R., Desmarais S. L., Webster C. J., Beneteau-Douglas J. (2014). Short-term assessment of risk and treatability: Adolescent version. START:AV user guide. Mental Health, Law, and Policy Institute."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_60_1","volume-title":"Rizikos ir atsako \u012f intervencijas artimiausiu metu vertinimas: Paaugli\u0173 versija","author":"Viljoen J. L.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Viljoen J. L., Nicholls T. L., Cruise K. R., Desmarais S. L., Webster C. J., Beneteau-Douglas J. (2018). Rizikos ir atsako \u012f intervencijas artimiausiu metu vertinimas: Paaugli\u0173 versija (Klimukien\u0117 V., Baltr\u016bnas M., Ustinavi\u010di\u016bt\u0117 L., Laurinaityt\u0117 I., Laurinavi\u010dius A., Trans. & Eds.). Baltijos kopija. (Original work published 2014)"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wanamaker K. A. Jones N. J. Brown S. L. (2018). Strengths-based assessments for use with forensic populations: A critical review. International Journal of Forensic Mental Health 17(2) 202\u2013221. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/14999013.2018.1451414","DOI":"10.1080\/14999013.2018.1451414"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ward T. (2016). Dynamic risk factors: Scientific kinds or predictive constructs. Psychology Crime & Law 22(1\u20132) 2\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1068316X.2015.1109094","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2015.1109094"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Westen D. Betan E. DeFife J. A. (2011). Identity disturbance in adolescence: Associations with borderline personality disorder. Development and Psychopathology 23(1) 305\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/s0954579410000817","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579410000817"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X251329030","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0306624X251329030","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X251329030","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T10:11:38Z","timestamp":1777457498000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0306624X251329030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0306624X251329030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624x251329030","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-624X","1552-6933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-624X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,29]]}}}