{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T08:01:01Z","timestamp":1784793661406,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750377600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study examines the disparity between public perception and official statistics on recidivism rates in Japan and investigates the impacts of gender and age on these estimates. A web-based survey with 381 participants was conducted. Participants estimated five-year reimprisonment rates for seven offense categories and the overall average. Results showed that participants overestimated recidivism rates for all offenses, with significant overestimation for sex offenses, robbery, and drug offenses by 27.35, 23.11, and 18.54\u2009percentage points, respectively. A two-factor analysis of variance revealed no significant gender effect on estimated rates. Age had a significant effect on drug offenses (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">F<\/jats:italic>\n                    [4,371]\u2009=\u20093.13,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.015,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b7<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.033), with the 40s age group estimating higher rates than the 20s group. Findings underscore the discrepancies between public perception and actual recidivism, highlighting the need to understand these perceptions for effective policy and risk communication in the criminal justice system.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x251348606","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]],"date-time":"2025-06-20T06:59:02Z","timestamp":1750402742000},"page":"1279-1295","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Public Perception of Recidivism Risk among Released Correctional Inmates in Japan"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"70","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5239-8055","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masaru","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ochanomizu University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Brown S. Deakin J. Spencer J. (2008). What people think about the management of sex offenders in the community. Howard Journal of Criminal Justice 47(3) 259\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1468-2311.2008.00519.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2311.2008.00519.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cor\u0103bian G. Hogan N. R. Olver M. E. (2023). University student attitudes toward persons with a history of adult sexual violence and their correlates with policy treatment and management. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 38(3\u20134) 3661\u20133687. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605221109892","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221109892"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Davey C. B. Mulrooney K. J. Watt S. E. (2024). Exploring individual-level predictors of punitive attitudes in Australia. Psychology Crime & Law 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1068316x.2024.2338200","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2024.2338200"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","volume-title":"Recidivism of prisoners released in 34 states in 2012: A 5-year follow-up period (2012\u20132017)","author":"Durose M. R.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Durose M. R., Antenangeli L. (2021). Recidivism of prisoners released in 34 states in 2012: A 5-year follow-up period (2012\u20132017). Bureau of Justice Statistics."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Falco D. L. Turner N. C. (2014). Examining causal attributions towards crime on support for offender rehabilitation. American Journal of Criminal Justice 39 630\u2013641. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12103-013-9231-5","DOI":"10.1007\/s12103-013-9231-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hanson R. K. Bourgon G. Helmus L. Hodgson S. (2009). The principles of effective correctional treatment also apply to sexual offenders: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior 36(9) 865\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854809338545","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854809338545"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardcastle L. Bartholomew T. Graffam J. (2011). Legislative and community support for offender reintegration in Victoria. Deakin Law Review 16(1) 111\u2013132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21153\/dlr2011vol16no1art96","DOI":"10.21153\/dlr2011vol16no1art96"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hilton N. Z. Helmus L. M. (2021). Using graphs in sexual violence risk communication: Benefits may depend on the risk metric. Sexual Abuse 33(6) 698\u2013724. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1079063220951191","DOI":"10.1177\/1079063220951191"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hirschfield P. J. Piquero A. R. (2010). Normalization and legitimation: Modeling stigmatizing attitudes toward ex-offenders. Criminology 48(1) 27\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2010.00179.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2010.00179.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jung S. Ahn-Redding H. Allison M. (2014). Crimes and punishment: Understanding of the criminal code. Canadian Journal of Criminology and Criminal Justice 56(3) 341\u2013366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cjccj.2013.E17","DOI":"10.3138\/cjccj.2013.E17"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kamorowski J. Ask K. Schreuder M. Jel\u00edcic M. de Ruiter C. (2022). \u2018He seems odd\u2019: The effects of risk-irrelevant information and actuarial risk estimates on mock jurors\u2019 perceptions of sexual recidivism risk. Psychology Crime and Law 28(4) 342\u2013371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1068316X.2021.1909016","DOI":"10.1080\/1068316X.2021.1909016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kim B. Benekos P. J. Merlo A. V. (2016). Sex offender recidivism revisited: Review of recent meta-analyses on the effects of sex offender treatment. Trauma Violence & Abuse 17(1) 105\u2013117. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838014566719","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838014566719"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Levenson J. S. Brannon Y. N. Fortney T. Baker J. (2007). Public perceptions about sex offenders and community protection policies. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy 7(1) 137\u2013161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-2415.2007.00119.x","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-2415.2007.00119.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maniaci M. R. Rogge R. D. (2014). Caring about carelessness: Participant inattention and its effects on research. Journal of Research in Personality 48 61\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jrp.2013.09.008","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2013.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Justice. (2023). White paper on crime 2023 (in Japanese). https:\/\/www.moj.go.jp\/content\/001410095.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Justice. (2024). White paper on crime 2024 (in Japanese). https:\/\/www.moj.go.jp\/content\/001432725.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore K. E. Stuewig J. B. Tangney J. P. (2016a). The effect of stigma on criminal offenders\u2019 functioning: A longitudinal mediational model. Deviant Behavior 37(2) 196\u2013218. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01639625.2014.1004035","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.2014.1004035"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore K. E. Tangney J. P. Stuewig J. B. (2016b). The self-stigma process in criminal offenders. Stigma and Health 1(3) 206\u2013224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/sah0000024","DOI":"10.1037\/sah0000024"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","unstructured":"Mukai T. Fujino K. (2020). Development of attitudes towards criminal justice scale (in Japanese). Japanese Journal of Law and Psychology 18(1) 86\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20792\/jjlawpsychology.18.0_86"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olver M. E. Barlow A. A. (2010). Public attitudes toward sex offenders and their relationship to personality traits and demographic characteristics. Behavioral Sciences and the Law 28(6) 832\u2013849. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bsl.959","DOI":"10.1002\/bsl.959"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peacock A. Leung J. Larney S. Colledge S. Hickman M. Rehm J. Giovino G. A. West R. Hall W. Griffiths P. Ali R. Gowing L. Marsden J. Ferrari A. J. Grebely J. Farrell M. Degenhardt L. (2018). Global statistics on alcohol tobacco and illicit drug use: 2017 status report. Addiction 113(10) 1905\u20131926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14234","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14234"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rade C. B. Desmarais S. L. Mitchell R. E. (2016). A meta-analysis of public attitudes toward ex-offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior 43(9) 1260\u20131280. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093854816655837","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854816655837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roberts J. V. White N. R. (1986). Public estimates of recidivism rates: Consequences of a criminal stereotype. Canadian Journal of Criminology 28(3) 229\u2013241. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3138\/cjcrim.28.3.229.","DOI":"10.3138\/cjcrim.28.3.229"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rogers P. Hirst L. Davies M. (2011). An investigation into the effect of respondent gender victim age and perpetrator treatment on public attitudes towards sex offenders sex offender treatment and sex offender rehabilitation. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation 50(8) 511\u2013530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10509674.2011.602472","DOI":"10.1080\/10509674.2011.602472"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acrefore\/9780190264079.013.118"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","first-page":"252","article-title":"Proposed indicators for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in drug abuse fields based on national data in Japan","volume":"70","author":"Shimane T.","year":"2021","unstructured":"Shimane T., Inoura S., Matsumoto T. (2021). Proposed indicators for Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in drug abuse fields based on national data in Japan. Journal of the National Institute of Public Health, 70(3), 252\u2013261.","journal-title":"Journal of the National Institute of Public Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Someda K. (2009). An international comparative overview on the rehabilitation of offenders and effective measures for the prevention of recidivism. Legal Medicine 11 S82\u2013S85. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.01.064","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2009.01.064"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","unstructured":"Takahashi M. (2023). Examination of perceived risk of recidivism among female university students (in Japanese). Japanese Journal of Risk Analysis 32(2) 155\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11447\/jjra.SRA-0405"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Takahashi M. (2024). Current issues in offender assessment and rehabilitation in Japan. In Chu C. M. Daffern M. (Eds.) Approaches to offender rehabilitation in Asian jurisdictions. Taylor & Francis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4324\/9781003360919","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003360919-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yukhnenko D. Farouki L. Fazel S. (2023). Criminal recidivism rates globally: A 6-year systematic review update. Journal of Criminal Justice 88 102115. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2023.102115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrimjus.2023.102115"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X251348606","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0306624X251348606","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0306624X251348606","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T07:01:25Z","timestamp":1784790085000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0306624X251348606"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0306624X251348606"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0306624x251348606","relation":{},"ISSN":["0306-624X","1552-6933"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0306-624X","type":"print"},{"value":"1552-6933","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,20]]}}}