{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:01:49Z","timestamp":1786978909397,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]],"date-time":"2026-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper approaches narrative criminology through the visual art produced by Carey Grayson prior to his execution by nitrogen gas in the state of Alabama in 2024. The art satirically represents Dr. Joseph Antognini, an anesthesiologist who testifies as an expert witness in favor of the safety of nitrogen gas as a method of execution. When studied through the lens of narrative sequencing and restorying, the satirical portraits by Grayson raise important ethical questions about the increasing involvement of medical professionals in executions, which undermines the Hippocratic oath these professionals take to \u201cdo no harm.\u201d Grayson\u2019s satire uses his own imminent execution as a window for exploring the absurdity of states\u2019 experimentations with new methods as they attempt to establish compliance with the Eighth Amendment in the wake of botched executions related to lethal injection. We triangulate this art with transcripts of Antognini\u2019s expert witness testimony in Grayson\u2019s legal challenge to highlight the \u201cmedicalization\u201d of executions in the U.S.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x261475328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,11]],"date-time":"2026-08-11T05:31:57Z","timestamp":1786426317000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["\u201cTake Deep Breaths\u201d: Medical Ethics and Visual Satire on Alabama\u2019s Death Row"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9621-5473","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katie","family":"Owens-Murphy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of North Alabama, Florence, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kacey","family":"Keeton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Federal Defenders of the Middle District of Alabama, Montgomery, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_1","unstructured":"American Medical Association. (2025a). Code of medical ethics: Professional self-regulation. Opinion 9.7.3. https:\/\/code-medical-ethics.ama-assn.org\/ethics-opinions\/capital-punishment"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_1","unstructured":"American Medical Association. (2025b). Declaration of professional responsibility. https:\/\/www.ama-assn.org\/public-health\/prevention-wellness\/ama-declaration-professional-responsibility"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0303_3"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.41143702"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_1","volume-title":"Juvenalian satire","author":"Britannica Online","unstructured":"Britannica Online. (n.d.). Juvenalian satire. Britannica Academic."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1741659016637640"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_1","unstructured":"Chandler K. (2024 January 27). What happened at the nation\u2019s first nitrogen gas execution: an AP eyewitness account. https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/death-penalty-nitrogen-gas-alabama-kenneth-smith-54848cb06ce32d4b462a77b1bb25e656"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_1","unstructured":"Chrastil J. (2025 March 17). The doctor defending Louisiana\u2019s controversial execution method. NNWO: New Orleans Public Radio. https:\/\/www.wwno.org\/law\/2025-03-17\/the-doctor-defending-louisianas-controversial-execution-method"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1741659015623599"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10511253.2022.2027483"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_1","volume-title":"Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches","author":"Creswell J.","year":"2018","unstructured":"Creswell J., Poth C. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Sage, Los Angeles.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_1","unstructured":"Death Penalty Information Center. (2025). Costs. https:\/\/deathpenaltyinfo.org\/policy-issues\/policy\/costs"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/j.ctv11vcfjs"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_1","unstructured":"Frazier v. Hamm. (2025). Case No. 2:24-Cv-732-ECM (Doc. 31-1) (M.D. Ala. Jan. 22 2025 )."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_1","unstructured":"Grayson v. Hamm. (2024). Case No. 2:24-Cv-376-RAH (Doc. 87-89) (M.D. Ala. Oct. 17 2024 )."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/HEARTVIEWS.HEARTVIEWS_131_17"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_1","unstructured":"Hedgepeth L. (2024 January 26). \u2018Never alone\u2019: The suffocation of Kenneth Eugene Smith. Tread. https:\/\/www.treadbylee.com\/p\/never-alone-the-suffocation-of-kenneth"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_1","unstructured":"Labov W. Waletzky J. (1967). Narrative analysis: Oral versions of personal experience. In Helm J. (Ed.) Essays on the verbal and visual arts (pp. 67\u201396). University of Washington Press."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18574\/nyu\/9781479833009.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_1","unstructured":"Lee v. Commissioner. (2026). Alabama Dep\u2019t of Corr. No. 26-11864 Slip Op. at 4 (11th Cir. June 8 2026)."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_1","unstructured":"Lee v. Lovelace. (2026). No. 2:25-Cv-680 (M.D. Ala. June 9 2026 ) Mem. Op. & Order Doc . 187 ."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_1","unstructured":"Legatta E. (2024 January 26). Nitrogen hypoxia used to execute Alabama\u2019s Kenneth Smith: What to know. USA Today."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_1","unstructured":"Marshall S. (2026 June 11). Steve Marshall\u2019s statement on halted execution of double murderer. https:\/\/www.alabamaag.gov\/attorney-general-marshalls-statement-on-halted-execution-of-convicted-double-murderer\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_1","unstructured":"Pilkington E. Levine S. (2024 November 22). Alabama man shook and gasped in final moments of nitrogen gas execution. The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/us-news\/2024\/nov\/22\/alabama-nitrogen-gas-execution"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1362480609102878"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_27_1","volume-title":"Ghosts over the boiler: Voices from Alabama\u2019s death row","author":"Project Hope to Abolish the Death Penalty","year":"2023","unstructured":"Project Hope to Abolish the Death Penalty. (2023). Ghosts over the boiler: Voices from Alabama\u2019s death row. Vanderbilt UP."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_28_1","volume-title":"Narrative methods for the human sciences","author":"Riessman C. K.","year":"2008","unstructured":"Riessman C. K. (2008). Narrative methods for the human sciences. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_29_1","volume-title":"Visual methodologies: An introduction to the interpretation of visual materials","author":"Rose G.","year":"2001","unstructured":"Rose G. (2001). Visual methodologies: An introduction to the interpretation of visual materials. Sage."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780804791724"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10720537.2024.2396896"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_32_1","unstructured":"Worth Rises. (2022 February 14). FDR safety withdraws from contract with Alabama to approve safety of new execution protocol following action by faith leaders. https:\/\/worthrises.org\/pressreleases\/fdr-safety-withdraws-from-contract-with-alabama-to-approve-safety-of-new-execution-protocol-following-action-by-faith-leaders"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_33_1","unstructured":"Worth Rises. (2025). Stop the construction of execution chambers. https:\/\/worthrises.org\/firingsquad"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_2_34_1","first-page":"711","article-title":"Lethal injections: States medicalize execution","volume":"49","author":"Zivot J. B.","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zivot J. B. (2015). Lethal injections: States medicalize execution. 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