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To overcome this limitation, the current research used two direct measures of attitudes toward justifying violence in general and wife-beating in particular from the World Values Survey (2017\u20132022) and the United Nations\u2019 homicide rate (2020\u20132023) across 52 countries. OLS regression analyses found no clear evidence that violent cultural attitudes predicted homicide rates. Instead, income inequality had a Latin American-specific effect, while affluence and government effectiveness maintained a global effect on the homicide rate. 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