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This study is a scoping review of 31 empirical studies to examine how I-C has been operationalized and used to explain ASB across diverse contexts. Five recurring patterns were identified: associations between individualism and ASB; associations between collectivism and ASB; the moderating role of I-C; the use of macro-level cultural indicators; and variation in the conceptualization and measurement of I-C. While individualism is often associated with overt and rule-breaking behaviors and collectivism with normative regulation, these relationships are inconsistent and context-dependent. The review highlights key methodological and conceptual challenges, particularly the risk of cross-level inference when aggregate cultural indicators are used to support individual-level interpretations, as well as ambiguity in how I-C is conceptualized across levels of analysis. To address these issues, the study proposes a multi-level, context-sensitive heuristic framework for organizing cultural, structural, and individual factors and guiding future research on their potential interconnections. The findings contribute to advancing a more theoretically robust and culturally informed criminology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x261494224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:28:59Z","timestamp":1791440939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Explaining Anti-Social Behavior Through Culture? 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