{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T17:51:14Z","timestamp":1791568274427,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791331200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Incarceration is rarely an isolated event but reflects cumulative institutional and interpersonal disadvantage across the life course. Although life-course criminology explains these trajectories for the general population, it has rarely been applied to d\/Deaf and hard-of-hearing (D\/HH) individuals, a population that is both understudied and difficult to access. This study addresses that gap using Life History Calendars to reconstruct the pathways of 16 incarcerated D\/HH individuals in the southeastern United States. Findings identify early communication deprivation and family isolation as distinct criminogenic transitions. Participants described \u201cno communication\u201d environments marked by marginalization and an inability to report harm, with 75% experiencing childhood physical or sexual abuse. These conditions triggered cascading turning points, including school exclusion, peer-driven delinquency, substance use, and barriers to employment. Overall, participants\u2019 pathways to incarceration were characterized by intertwined trauma and structural exclusion beginning early in life, underscoring the need for early language access and family-centered interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0306624x261495485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T06:33:52Z","timestamp":1791441232000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Across the Life Course and Into Custody: Understanding Incarceration Pathways of Deaf and Hard of Hearing Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1177","author":[{"given":"Dywane","family":"Thompson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5000-5094","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hayden P.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of South Carolina, Columbia, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/741942610"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","unstructured":"Birnbaum E. (2022). Assessing the accessibility of the judicial system\u2019s arrest-to-parole timeline for people who are d\/Deaf and hard-of-hearing [Undergraduate honors thesis]. Portland State University."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1460-6984.12183"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1234-988X(199607)6:2<101::AID-MPR156>3.3.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","unstructured":"Craddock I. (2025). \u201cTheir system is their system and you fit into it\u201d: An exploration of professionals\u2019 experiences supporting d\/Deaf and hard of hearing people in Aotearoa New Zealand\u2019s prisons [Master\u2019s thesis]. Te Herenga Waka \u2013 Victoria University of Wellington."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093854818782568"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jdsade\/enae021"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/271044"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1745-9125.12244"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The effect of delayed language acquisition on criminal behavior of deaf individuals involved in the criminal justice system","volume":"2","author":"Glasner A.","year":"2024","unstructured":"Glasner A. (2024). The effect of delayed language acquisition on criminal behavior of deaf individuals involved in the criminal justice system. Open Access Journal of Criminology Investigation & Justice, 2(1), 1\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23880\/oajcij-16000113","journal-title":"Open Access Journal of Criminology Investigation & Justice"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","volume-title":"Qualitative methods for health research","author":"Green J.","year":"2025","unstructured":"Green J., Thorogood N., Melendez-Torres G. J. (2025). Qualitative methods for health research (5th ed.). 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Horney J. (2010). The life event calendar method in criminological research. In Piquero A. R. Weisburd D. (Eds.) Handbook of quantitative criminology (pp. 289\u2013312). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-77650-7_15"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40865-016-0042-5"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Hearing on the deaf penalty: The intersection of deafness and criminal justice","volume":"7","author":"Tamura K.","year":"2019","unstructured":"Tamura K., Gunnison E. (2019). Hearing on the deaf penalty: The intersection of deafness and criminal justice. 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