{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T02:26:28Z","timestamp":1790303188222,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":11,"publisher":"Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]],"date-time":"2020-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598313600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["lww.com","ovid.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":[],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Millions of people in low- and middle-income countries lack access to prosthetic care. A well-fitting, durable socket is important for prosthesis comfort and function, but conventional fabrication techniques require highly trained clinicians and specialized equipment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objectives:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To increase access to prosthetic care by developing a simple, low-cost socket fabrication method that does not require specialized equipment or electricity, and can be performed by persons with minimal prosthetic training.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Study Design:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Socket fabrication methods and socket function were evaluated in a pilot feasibility study.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Technique:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We describe a rapid method for fabricating a rigid foam socket directly over the residual limb, with a mass producible, strong, cosmetically appealing plastic outer shell. We fabricated sockets for four individuals with unilateral transradial amputations and evaluated socket function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>An individual with no formal prosthetic training was able to fabricate sockets and assemble a functional, comfortable prosthesis system within 90 min. All necessary supplies can be provided in a kit for under US$100.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Further work is required to determine durability, assess comfort, refine suspension methods, and to develop instructional materials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We developed a simplified, inexpensive method to fabricate sockets on the residual limb using expandable foam with an integrated cosmetic\/structural covering (i.e. an exoskeletal system), for persons with transradial amputation. A transradial prosthesis socket can be fabricated in around 90 min. and all necessary materials, tools, and written instructions for fabrication and fitting can be provided in a kit. Specialized equipment and electricity are not required. Instructions for fabrication and fitting can be provided in multiple languages using online videos.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364620950850","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T02:21:54Z","timestamp":1598408514000},"page":"89-93","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/lww.0000000000001000","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["A novel, low-cost transradial socket fabrication method using mass-producible components and expanding rigid foam"],"prefix":"10.1097","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7271-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura A","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bionic Medicine, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Pickerill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd A","family":"Kuiken","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Bionic Medicine, Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"276","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr2-20250818","first-page":"665","article-title":"Rehabilitation of landmine victims: the ultimate challenge","volume":"81","author":"Walsh","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bull World Health Organ"},{"key":"bibr3-20250818","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.3109\/03093649609164416","article-title":"Prosthetics in the developing world: a review of the literature","volume":"20","author":"Cummings","year":"1996","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"bibr4-20250818","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1097\/JPO.0b013e31817d2f08","article-title":"The evolution of upper limb prosthetic socket design","volume":"20","author":"Lake","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Prosthet Orthot"},{"key":"bibr5-20250818","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1586\/17434440.4.6.759","article-title":"Barriers for medical devices for the developing world","volume":"4","author":"Malkin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Rev Med Devices"},{"key":"bibr6-20250818","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2019.1695873","article-title":"Conceptualising the effect of access to electricity on health in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Irwin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"bibr8-20250818","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/0309364615579317","article-title":"Development of novel 3D-printed robotic prosthetic for transradial amputees","volume":"40","author":"Gretsch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"bibr9-20250818","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/03093640500224428","article-title":"Sand-casting technique for transtibial prostheses","volume":"29","author":"Jensen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"bibr10-20250818","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.3109\/03093646.2010.520060","article-title":"Lower-limb prosthetic technologies in the developing world: a review of literature from 1994-2010","volume":"34","author":"Andrysek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Int"},{"key":"bibr14-20250818","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5014\/ajot.39.6.386","article-title":"Adult norms for the box and block test of manual dexterity","volume":"39","author":"Mathiowetz","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Occup Ther"},{"key":"bibr16-20250818","first-page":"1","article-title":"A preliminary evaluation of a hydro-cast trans-femoral socket: a proof of concept","volume":"1","author":"Buis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prosthet Orthot Open J"},{"key":"bibr17-20250818","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1361\/105994998770347666","article-title":"Roof-crush strength improvement using rigid polyurethane foam","volume":"7","author":"Lilley","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Mater Eng Perform"}],"container-title":["Prosthetics &amp; 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