{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T22:03:14Z","timestamp":1780351394810,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628640000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anaesth Intensive Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This paper reviews the natural and treated history of hepatitis C virus infection, the interactions between current therapies and anaesthesia medications, and the implications of occupational exposure and infection to anaesthetists in light of significant changes in treatment. In the past decade, the introduction of new direct acting antiviral medications has seen high cure rates with a sustained viral response across all virus genotypes. These medications are well tolerated with minimal side-effects. Should a patient on these medications require anaesthesia, there are few clinically significant interactions with commonly used anaesthesia medications, and minimal perioperative investigations are required, although delaying elective surgery until after the completion of treatment regimens should be considered to maximise treatment success. As anaesthetists may practise exposure-prone procedures, regular screening for hepatitis C virus infection remains recommended to enable both patient protection and treatment of the anaesthetist prior to the development of any long-term complications of hepatitis C virus infection. Similarly, early diagnosis and treatment of occupationally acquired hepatitis C virus infection after body fluid exposure is associated with high cure rates with minimal risk of long-term liver damage. Although hepatitis C virus infection remains a significant public health issue in Australia and New Zealand, improvements in outcomes as a result of new treatment regimens have allowed the World Health Organization to target the elimination of hepatitis C virus infection as a public health threat by 2030, and public health strategies are being implemented to achieve this goal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057x211016004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]],"date-time":"2021-08-11T07:32:27Z","timestamp":1628667147000},"page":"349-356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Hepatitis C virus infection  and anaesthesia practice:  A narrative review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Jeremy A","family":"Carman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karl KH","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Perth Hospital, Perth, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7436-0813","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew I","family":"Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Smathi KK","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital, Nedlands, Australia"},{"name":"Clinipath Pathology Pty. Ltd., Osborne Park, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32320-7"},{"key":"bibr2-0310057X211016004","first-page":"1","volume":"6","author":"Basyte-Bacevice V","year":"2020","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"bibr3-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32111-1"},{"key":"bibr4-0310057X211016004","volume-title":"Guidelines for the care and treatment of persons diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C virus infection","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr5-0310057X211016004","unstructured":"Pockros PJ. Direct-acting antivirals for the treatment of hepatitis C virus infection. In: Post T (ed.) UpToDate. Waltham. www.uptodate.com (accessed 9 June 2020)."},{"key":"bibr6-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2016.07.035"},{"key":"bibr7-0310057X211016004","unstructured":"Dhawan VK.\n                      Hepatitis C\n                      . Medscape. https:\/\/emedicine.medscape.com (2019, accessed 9 June 2020)."},{"key":"bibr8-0310057X211016004","volume-title":"The ABCs of Hepatitis for Health Professionals","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention"},{"key":"bibr9-0310057X211016004","unstructured":"Kirby Institute and the Australian Red Cross Blood Service.\n                      Transfusion-transmissible infections in Australia 2019\n                      . Surveillance Report; Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, and the Australian Red Cross Lifeblood; 2019."},{"key":"bibr10-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00668-1"},{"key":"bibr11-0310057X211016004","volume-title":"Hepatitis C Questions and Answers for Health Professionals","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr12-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/mja2.50584"},{"key":"bibr13-0310057X211016004","volume-title":"Fifth National Hepatitis C Strategy 2018\u20132022","author":"Australian Government Department of Health","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr14-0310057X211016004","unstructured":"Kirby Institute.\n                      HIV, viral hepatitis and sexually transmissible infections in Australia: annual surveillance report 2018,\n                      Sydney: Kirby Institute, UNSW Sydney, 2020."},{"key":"bibr15-0310057X211016004","volume-title":"Development of a National Hepatitis C Action Plan","author":"New Zealand Ministry of Health","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr16-0310057X211016004","volume-title":"Hepatitis C. Work in progress for improving hepatitis treatment services in New Zealand","author":"New Zealand Ministry of Health.","year":"2019"},{"key":"bibr17-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-011-1466-9"},{"key":"bibr18-0310057X211016004","volume-title":"Australian recommendations for the management of hepatitis C virus infection: a consensus statement (September 2018)","author":"Hepatitis C Virus Infection Consensus Statement Working Group","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr19-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.27259"},{"key":"bibr20-0310057X211016004","volume-title":"Hepatitis C Treatments","author":"PHARMAC","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr21-0310057X211016004","first-page":"64","volume":"40","author":"Strasser SI.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust Prescr"},{"key":"bibr22-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2893.2012.01617.x"},{"key":"bibr23-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2014.09.006"},{"key":"bibr24-0310057X211016004","first-page":"718","volume":"45","author":"Khoo A","year":"2016","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"bibr25-0310057X211016004","unstructured":"University of Liverpool.\n                      HEP drug interactions\n                      . Liverpool, UK. https:\/\/www.hep-druginteractions.org\/checker (2020, accessed 9 June 2020)."},{"key":"bibr27-0310057X211016004","volume-title":"Updated U.S. Public Health Service Guidelines for the Management of Occupational Exposures to HBV, HCV, and HIV and Recommendations for Postexposure Prophylaxis","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr28-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2017.03.011"},{"key":"bibr29-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.rr6906a1"},{"key":"bibr30-0310057X211016004","unstructured":"Royal College of Pathologists of Australasia.\n                      Manual of use and interpretation of pathology tests\n                      . RCPA. https:\/\/www.rcpa.edu.au\/Manuals\/RCPA-Manual\/Clinical-Problems\/N\/Needle-stick-injury (2019, accessed 9 June 2020)."},{"key":"bibr31-0310057X211016004","volume-title":"Hepatitis C Questions and Answers for Health Professionals","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.","year":"2020"},{"key":"bibr32-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw656"},{"key":"bibr33-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw680"},{"key":"bibr34-0310057X211016004","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health Communicable Disease Network Australia.\n                      Australian\n                      National Guidelines for the Management of Healthcare Workers living with blood borne viruses and healthcare workers who perform exposure prone procedures at risk of exposure to blood borne viruses 2019\n                      . Australian Government Department of Health. https:\/\/www1.health.gov.au\/internet\/main\/publishing.nsf\/content\/36D4D796D31081EBCA257BF0001DE6B7\/$File\/nat-guidelines-work-bbv-Oct2019.pdf (2019, accessed 9 June 2020)."},{"key":"bibr35-0310057X211016004","volume-title":"HRANZ Joint Guidelines for Registered Health Care Workers on Transmissible Major Viral Infections","author":"Health Regulatory Authorities of New Zealand.","year":"2005"},{"key":"bibr36-0310057X211016004","volume-title":"Guidance on classification of exposure prone and non-exposure prone procedures in Australia 2017","author":"Australian Government Department of Health Communicable Disease Network Australia","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr37-0310057X211016004","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/650298"},{"key":"bibr38-0310057X211016004","volume-title":"Infectious Diseases RD 17 (2011)","author":"Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists Welfare of Anaesthetists Special Interest Group"},{"key":"bibr39-0310057X211016004","unstructured":"Medical Board of Australia.\n                      Guidelines: Registered health practitioners and students in relation to blood-borne virus\n                      . 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