{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T12:16:09Z","timestamp":1777378569502,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anaesth Intensive Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A number of Charles Darwin\u2019s biographies record the administration of chloroform by Darwin to his wife Emma, during her labour and delivery of her eighth child, Leonard. This occurred on 15 January 1850, a little over two years after James Young Simpson in Edinburgh described the analgesic action of inhaled chloroform. An online search of more than 9000 items of Darwin\u2019s correspondence at Cambridge University and other sources revealed that he was an active proponent and user of chloroform in midwifery, for euthanising animals he studied, as well as in botanical studies of carnivorous plants. He also discovered that the concurrent inhalation of chloroform, during its administration to his wife, alleviated his distressing anxiety which he suffered when present at her earlier confinements.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057x211020320","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]],"date-time":"2021-09-23T07:06:32Z","timestamp":1632380792000},"page":"17-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Charles and Emma Darwin: Under the \u2018influence\u2019 of chloroform anaesthesia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9902-0436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John D","family":"Paull","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Retired Anaesthetist, Launceston, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3992-9998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael G","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Westmead, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin EA to Charles 8 Mar 1825\n                      . Letter no. 14. https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letter\/DCP-LETT-14.xml (accessed 17 July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr2-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin EA to Charles 8 Dec 1822\n                      . Letter no. 4. https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letter\/DCP-LETT-4.xml (accessed 18 July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr3-0310057X211020320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.113.151241"},{"key":"bibr4-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to WD Fox 7 June 1840\n                      . Letter no. 572. http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/DCP-LETT-572 (accessed 30 January 2019)."},{"key":"bibr5-0310057X211020320","first-page":"46","volume":"45","author":"Adams AK.","year":"2012","journal-title":"History Anaesth Proc"},{"key":"bibr6-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Simpson M. Simpson the Obstetrician \u2013 A biography.  London:  Victor Gollancz Ltd. 1972, p. 121."},{"key":"bibr7-0310057X211020320","first-page":"106","volume":"2","author":"Dumas JB.","year":"1834","journal-title":"Journal G\u00e9n\u00e9ral des Soci\u00e9t\u00e9s et Travaux Scientifiques de la France et de l'\u00c9tranger"},{"key":"bibr8-0310057X211020320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.2004.03671.x"},{"key":"bibr9-0310057X211020320","first-page":"415","volume":"8","author":"Simpson JY.","year":"1847","journal-title":"Monthly J Med Sci"},{"key":"bibr10-0310057X211020320","first-page":"144","volume":"22","author":"Wawersik J.","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anaesthesiologie und Reanimation"},{"key":"bibr11-0310057X211020320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)63271-3"},{"key":"bibr12-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to JD Hooker 10 May 1848\n                      . Letter no. 1174. http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/DCP-LETT-1174 (accessed 27 March 2019)."},{"key":"bibr13-0310057X211020320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hooker MD JD\n                      (\n                      1817\u20131911\n                      ) Director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew for 20 years\n                      . https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker (accessed 11 May 2019).","DOI":"10.2307\/4118390"},{"key":"bibr14-0310057X211020320","first-page":"5","author":"Boott F.","year":"1847","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bibr15-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to F Boott 20 August\n                      1848. Letter no. 1195. http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/DCP-LETT-1195 (accessed 27 March 2019)."},{"key":"bibr16-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to WD Fox 17 January\n                      1850. Letter no. 1292. http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/DCP-LETT-1292 (accessed 27 March 2019)."},{"key":"bibr17-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to J Henslow 17 January\n                      1850. Letter no. 1293. https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letter\/DCP-LETT-1293.xml (accessed 19 July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr18-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to JD Hooker 3 February\n                      1850. Letter no. 1300. https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letter\/DCP-LETT-1300.xml (accessed 19 July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr19-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin Emma to Charles 22-23 April\n                      1851. Letter no. 1410. http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/DCP-LETT-1410 (accessed 11 May 2019)."},{"key":"bibr20-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to WD Fox May\n                      1850. Letter no. 1323. http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/\/DCP-LETT-1323 (accessed 29 March 2019)."},{"key":"bibr21-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to WD Fox 24 October\n                      1852. Letter no. 1489. https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letter\/DCP-LETT-1489.xml (accessed 29 March 2019)."},{"key":"bibr22-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Hooker JD to Charles Darwin 24 June\n                      1854. Letter no. 1572. http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/DCP-LETT-1572 (accessed 3 April 2019)."},{"key":"bibr23-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to JD Hooker 27 June\n                      1854. Letter no. 1573. http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/DCP-LETT-1573 (accessed 29 March 2019)."},{"key":"bibr24-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Hooker JD to Charles Darwin 29 June\n                      1854. Letter no. 1576. http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/DCP-LETT-1576 (accessed 29 March 2019)."},{"key":"bibr25-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to WD Fox 8 February\n                      1857. Letter no. 2049. http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/DCP-LETT-2049 (accessed 22 May 2019)."},{"key":"bibr26-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to JD Hooker 27 August\n                      1857. Letter no. 2130. http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/DCP-LETT-2130 (accessed 27 March 2019)."},{"key":"bibr27-0310057X211020320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1932.tb88242.x"},{"key":"bibr28-0310057X211020320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Snow SJ. Blessed days of Anaesthesia. How anaesthetics changed the world.  Oxford:  Oxford University Press, 2008, pp. 80\u201382.","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780192805867.001.0001"},{"key":"bibr29-0310057X211020320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X150430S106"},{"key":"bibr30-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to WD Fox 22 July\n                      1855. Letter no. 1728. https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letter\/DCP-LETT-1728.xml (accessed 19 July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr31-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to GJ Romanes, 27 Dec\n                      1874. Letter no. 9783. https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letter\/DCP-LETT-9783.xml (accessed 19 July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr32-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to JD Hooker 26 September\n                      1862. Letter no. 3738. https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letter\/DCP-LETT-3738.xml (accessed 18 July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr33-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin C to WW Baxter 17 September\n                      1872\n                      ?\n                      Letter no. 8523. http:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/DCP-LETT-8523 (accessed 22 May 2019)."},{"key":"bibr34-0310057X211020320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10001-000"},{"key":"bibr35-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Darwin WE to Charles Darwin 15 April\n                      1868. Letter no. 6122. https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letter\/DCP-LETT-6122.xml (accessed 19 July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr36-0310057X211020320","unstructured":"Darwin Correspondence Project.\n                      Langstaff C to Charles Darwin 3 May\n                      1871. Letter no. 7737. https:\/\/www.darwinproject.ac.uk\/letter\/DCP-LETT-7737.xml (accessed 19 July 2020)."},{"key":"bibr37-0310057X211020320","volume-title":"Annie\u2019s Box. Charles Darwin, His Daughter and Human Evolution","author":"Keynes R.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr38-0310057X211020320","volume-title":"Emma Darwin: The Wife of an Inspirational Genius","author":"Healey E.","year":"2001"},{"key":"bibr39-0310057X211020320","volume-title":"Darwin","author":"Desmond A","year":"2009"},{"key":"bibr40-0310057X211020320","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2006.08.009"}],"container-title":["Anaesthesia and Intensive Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0310057X211020320","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0310057X211020320","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0310057X211020320","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:11:34Z","timestamp":1777367494000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0310057X211020320"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1_suppl","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0310057X211020320"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0310057x211020320","relation":{},"ISSN":["0310-057X","1448-0271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0310-057X","type":"print"},{"value":"1448-0271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]}}}