{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T02:06:56Z","timestamp":1787018816891,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1629849600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anaesth Intensive Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>John Davies Thomas (1844\u20131893) described a two-ounce drop-bottle for chloroform in 1872 while he was a resident medical officer at University College Hospital, London. After working as a ship\u2019s surgeon, he settled in Australia. In May 1875, Thomas presented a paper on the mortality from ether and chloroform at a meeting of the Medical Society of Victoria in Melbourne, Victoria. Surveys conducted in Europe and North America had established that the mortality from chloroform was eight to ten times higher than that from ether. At that time, chloroform was the most widely administered anaesthetic in Australia. Thomas\u2019 paper was published in The Australian Medical Journal and reprinted by the Medical Society of Victoria for distribution to hospitals in the Colony of Victoria. Later that year, Thomas moved to Adelaide, South Australia, where he may have been influential at the Adelaide Hospital in ensuring that ether was administered more often than chloroform. It does not appear that Thomas\u2019 papers on anaesthesia had a significant effect on the conduct of anaesthesia in Victoria or New South Wales.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057x211031569","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]],"date-time":"2021-08-25T06:52:42Z","timestamp":1629874362000},"page":"6-16","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["John Davies Thomas: Chloroformist in London and pioneer South Australian doctor"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2062-0779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rajesh P","family":"Haridas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0310057X211031569","first-page":"170","volume":"20","author":"Thomas JD.","year":"1875","journal-title":"Aust Med J"},{"key":"bibr2-0310057X211031569","volume-title":"A Consideration of the Respective Merits of Chloroform and Vinic Ether as General Anaesthetics","author":"Thomas JD.","year":"1875"},{"key":"bibr3-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Wilson G.\n                      One Grand Chain: The History of Anaesthesia in Australia, 1846\u20131962\n                      .\n                      Volume 1 (1846\u20131934)\n                      . Thirlwell Jones J (ed.). Melbourne: The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, 1995, pp. 140\u2013143."},{"key":"bibr4-0310057X211031569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)63856-5"},{"key":"bibr5-0310057X211031569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X20969699"},{"key":"bibr6-0310057X211031569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/scientificamerican06011893-90cbuild"},{"key":"bibr7-0310057X211031569","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1682.672-b"},{"key":"bibr8-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Thomas JD.\n                      Hydatid Disease\n                      ,\n                      Vol. II\n                      .\n                      A Collection of Papers on Hydatid Disease\n                      . Lendon AA (ed.). Sydney: L. Bruck; London: Bailliere, Tindall, & Cox, 1894, pp. vii\u2013xi, 150."},{"key":"bibr9-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Royal College of Surgeons of England. Thomas, John Davies (1844\u20131893). In:\n                      Plarr\u2019s Lives of the Fellows\n                      . https:\/\/livesonline.rcseng.ac.uk\/client\/en_GB\/lives (accessed 18 December 2020)."},{"key":"bibr10-0310057X211031569","first-page":"71","volume":"17","author":"Lewis JM.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Proc History of Anaesthesia Society"},{"key":"bibr11-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"University College, London. Calendar. Session MDCCCLXX\u2013LXXI\n                      . London: James Walton, [undated], p. 101."},{"key":"bibr12-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Australian Medical Pioneers Index.\n                      John Davies Thomas\n                      . www.medicalpioneers.com (accessed 19 December 2020)."},{"key":"bibr13-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Victoria Government Gazette\n                      10 July 1874, No. 46, p. 1280."},{"key":"bibr14-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Local topics.\n                      Aust Med J\n                      1874; 19: 222\u2013242."},{"key":"bibr15-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Medical Society of Victoria.\n                      Aust Med J\n                      1874; 19: 321."},{"key":"bibr16-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"The Ballarat Star\n                      (Ballarat, Vic.)\u2019 8 December 1874, p. 2."},{"key":"bibr17-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Medical Society of Victoria.\n                      Aust Med J\n                      1875; 20: 35."},{"key":"bibr18-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Local topics.\n                      Aust Med J\n                      1875; 20: 293\u2013296."},{"key":"bibr19-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Jennings R.\n                      The Medical Profession and the State in South Australia\n                      ,\n                      1836\u20131975\n                      . Volume 2. MD Thesis, University of Adelaide, Australia, 1998, p. 90."},{"key":"bibr20-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"The South Australian Government Gazette\n                      7 October 1875, No. 42, pp. 1888\u20131889."},{"key":"bibr21-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Local topics.\n                      Aust Med J\n                      1876; 21: 370\u2013372."},{"key":"bibr22-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"The South Australian Register\n                      (Adelaide, SA), 11 June 1878, p. 4."},{"key":"bibr23-0310057X211031569","volume-title":"Hydatid Disease, with Special Reference to its Prevalence in Australia","author":"Thomas JD.","year":"1884"},{"key":"bibr24-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Simpson D.\n                      The Adelaide Medical School, 1885\u20131914: A Study of Anglo-Australian Synergies in Medical Education\n                      . MD Thesis, University of Adelaide, Australia, 2000, pp. 113\u2013115."},{"key":"bibr25-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"The Adelaide University Calendar for the Academical Year 1887\n                      . Adelaide: W.K. Thomas & Co. 1887, Appendix p. cxcvi."},{"key":"bibr26-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"The Adelaide University Calendar for the Academical Year 1878\n                      . Adelaide: Thomas, Clark, & Co. 1878, p. 30."},{"key":"bibr27-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Lendon AA. The University of Adelaide. Jubilee of the Medical School. 1885\u20131935.  Adelaide:  The Hassel Press, 1935, p. 14."},{"key":"bibr28-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"The Adelaide University Calendar for the Academical Year 1886\n                      . Adelaide: W.K. Thomas & Co. 1886, Appendix pp. cc and cciii."},{"key":"bibr29-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"British Medical Association.\n                      The Register\n                      (Adelaide, SA), 30 June 1911, p. 6."},{"key":"bibr30-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"A Catalogue of Surgical Instruments and Appliances Manufactured and Sold by Down Bros\n                      . London: 1890, pp. 404\u2013405."},{"key":"bibr31-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Hewitt FW. Anaesthetics and their Administration.  London:  Charles Griffin and Company, 1893, pp. 191\u2013193."},{"key":"bibr32-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Illustrated Catalogue of Surgical Instruments and Appliances Manufactured and Sold by Mayer & Meltzer\n                      . 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Sydney:  Angus and Robertson, 1969, p. 615."},{"key":"bibr37-0310057X211031569","first-page":"257","volume":"11","author":"Andrews E.","year":"1870","journal-title":"Chicago Medical Examiner"},{"key":"bibr38-0310057X211031569","first-page":"375","volume":"20","author":"Thomas JD.","year":"1875","journal-title":"Aust Med J"},{"key":"bibr39-0310057X211031569","first-page":"13","volume":"21","author":"Thomas JD.","year":"1876","journal-title":"Aust Med J"},{"key":"bibr40-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Wilson G.\n                      One Grand Chain: The History of Anaesthesia in Australia, 1846\u20131962\n                      .\n                      Volume 1 (1846\u20131934)\n                      . Thirlwell Jones J (ed.). Melbourne: The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, 1995, pp. 206\u2013210."},{"key":"bibr41-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Wilson G.\n                      One Grand Chain: The History of Anaesthesia in Australia, 1846\u20131962\n                      .\n                      Volume 1 (1846\u20131934)\n                      . Thirlwell Jones J (ed.). Melbourne: The Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists, 1995, pp. 220\u2013223."},{"key":"bibr42-0310057X211031569","first-page":"109","volume":"15","author":"Embley EH.","year":"1910","journal-title":"Aust Med J"},{"key":"bibr43-0310057X211031569","first-page":"380","volume":"15","author":"Barrett JW.","year":"1893","journal-title":"Aust Med J"},{"key":"bibr44-0310057X211031569","unstructured":"Wilson G.\n                      One Grand Chain: The History of Anaesthesia in Australia, 1846\u20131962\n                      .\n                      Volume 1 (1846\u20131934)\n                      . 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