{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:14:37Z","timestamp":1793229277628,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]],"date-time":"2022-11-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668297600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anaesth Intensive Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Papua New Guinea is a Pacific country that remains an enigma to the world at large. Despite massive geographical challenges due to mountainous terrain, remote islands, poverty, and with 80% of the population of over eight million living in rural villages, Papua New Guinea has managed to develop national medical and postgraduate specialty training. The first recorded anaesthetic was administered in Papua New Guinea in 1880 and the first anaesthetist trained in 1968. The University of Papua New Guinea graduated its first diploma in anaesthesia candidate in 1986 and its first master of medicine candidate in anaesthesiology in 1991. As of December 2021, there have been 82 diplomas and 40 masters of medicine awarded. We review the factors and influences bearing on the development of physician anaesthesia training in Papua New Guinea over this period. Many of the people involved have contributed information used in this article.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057x221128045","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]],"date-time":"2022-11-13T23:58:50Z","timestamp":1668383930000},"page":"35-48","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The origins and development of physician anaesthesiology training in Papua New Guinea: From colonial days to the current era"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7251-8405","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Terence E","family":"Loughnan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Acute Pain Management, Peninsula Health, Frankston, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8280-3709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pauline B","family":"Wake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Port Moresby General Hospital, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Aigeeleng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Divine Word University, Madang, Papua New Guinea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3992-9998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael G","family":"Cooper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Papua New Guinea, Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea"},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, The Children\u2019s Hospital at Westmead and St George Hospital, Sydney, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0310057X221128045","first-page":"5","volume":"2","author":"Meara JG","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"bibr2-0310057X221128045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(14)70384-5"},{"key":"bibr3-0310057X221128045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61728-0"},{"key":"bibr4-0310057X221128045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2018-001005"},{"key":"bibr5-0310057X221128045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(08)60432-8"},{"key":"bibr6-0310057X221128045","unstructured":"World Federation of Societies of Anaesthesiologists.\n                      World Anaesthesiology Workforce Map\n                      . See https:\/\/wfsahq.org\/resources\/workforce-map\/ (2015\u201316; accessed 1 September 2021)."},{"key":"bibr7-0310057X221128045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X1604400318"},{"key":"bibr8-0310057X221128045","first-page":"360","volume":"48","author":"Schwarz W.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Ther Umsch"},{"key":"bibr9-0310057X221128045","volume-title":"Public Health and Colonialism: the case of German New Guinea 1884\u20131914","author":"Davies M.","year":"2002","edition":"1"},{"key":"bibr10-0310057X221128045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9702500315"},{"key":"bibr11-0310057X221128045","unstructured":"Watters DKA. Stitches in Time: Two centuries of Surgery in Papua New Guinea, 1st ed. Australia: X Libris 2013: 414\u2013435."},{"key":"bibr12-0310057X221128045","unstructured":"Cilento P. Lady Cilento \u2013 My life, 1st ed. North Ryde, NSW, Australia: Methuen Haynes, 1987, p. 67."},{"key":"bibr13-0310057X221128045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X211027872","volume":"49","author":"Loughnan TE","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaesth Intensive Care"},{"key":"bibr14-0310057X221128045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000001988"},{"key":"bibr15-0310057X221128045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000002287"},{"key":"bibr16-0310057X221128045","first-page":"1","volume":"2","author":"Ellis HJ.","year":"1966","journal-title":"Australian Society of Anaesthetists Newsletter"},{"key":"bibr17-0310057X221128045","first-page":"137","volume":"10","author":"Foley DJ.","year":"1967","journal-title":"PNG Med J"},{"key":"bibr18-0310057X221128045","unstructured":"Foley DJ. Pre-anaesthetic preparation of patients. In:\n                      Medical Officer\u2019s Pocket Book\n                      , 1st ed. Department of Public Health, Territory of Papua and New Guinea: 1966, chapter 17, 1\u20134."},{"key":"bibr19-0310057X221128045","unstructured":"Dwyer B.\n                      A Career in Anaesthesia: A Memoir\n                      , 1st ed. Sydney, 2003, p. 32."},{"key":"bibr20-0310057X221128045","first-page":"36","volume":"58","author":"Pakalu W","year":"2015","journal-title":"PNG Med J"},{"key":"bibr21-0310057X221128045","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1353\/hah.2021.0017"},{"key":"bibr22-0310057X221128045","unstructured":"Saweri A, Maddocks I.\n                      Papua Medical College. Port Moresby: A History, 1960\u20131970 and beyond\n                      , 1st ed. 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