{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T16:28:11Z","timestamp":1794068891636,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Anaesth Intensive Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Nitrous oxide (N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O) is a greenhouse gas that is a significant contributor to the carbon dioxide-equivalent emissions of health services. We aimed to obtain information about N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O usage and knowledge of its environmental effects among clinical staff at an Australian metropolitan public health network. We distributed an anonymised survey to doctors, nurses and midwives working in anaesthesia, birthing, adult and paediatric emergency medicine, and paediatrics. We analysed 403 of 1320 (31%) responses; 117 of 198 (59%) from anaesthesia, 102 of 368 (27%) from birthing, 137 of 643 (21%) from adult and paediatric emergency medicine and 40 of 111 (36%) from paediatrics. Descriptive statistics were used, and statistical analyses performed on questions regarding environmental knowledge. Of those who currently used N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O, the majority indicated there were alternative therapies (184\/239, 77%), which they would (137\/239, 57%) or could (90\/239, 38%) be willing to use. Approximately half (219\/385, 57%) of respondents correctly identified N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O as a greenhouse gas, but only 70\/382 (18%) identified its global warming potential as hundreds of times that of carbon dioxide. Almost half (180\/383, 47%) answered that N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O is ozone depleting. For anaesthetists, 96% (45\/47) knew that N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O was a greenhouse gas, compared with 41% (32\/79) of midwives. This survey demonstrated that frequency of use and reason for use of N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O varies between clinical groups, and that a significant proportion of staff that use N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O do not know its harmful environmental characteristics. Our results provide data to inform future research on interventions to minimise clinical use of N\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    O, and suggest that educational programs should form part of these efforts.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057x251330318","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]],"date-time":"2025-06-19T07:11:17Z","timestamp":1750317077000},"page":"332-340","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A survey of nitrous oxide usage and knowledge of its environmental effects across healthcare worker groups"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-5259-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emily R","family":"Balmaks","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Perioperative Medicine, Monash Health, Berwick, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3470-2273","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Seglenieks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Western Health, Footscray, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanita","family":"Botha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Western Health, Footscray, Australia"},{"name":"Biostatistics Unit, Faculty of Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1977-9072","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Forbes","family":"McGain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, Pain and Perioperative Medicine, Western Health, Footscray, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Critical Care, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia"},{"name":"Department of Intensive Care, Western Health, Footscray, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","volume-title":"Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","author":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change","unstructured":"Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Climate change 2021: The physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge, UK and New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2021. doi:10.1017\/9781009157896"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n2922"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","unstructured":"The Centre for Sustainable Healthcare. The Nitrous Oxide Project https:\/\/sustainablehealthcare.org.uk\/what-we-do\/sustainable-specialties\/anaesthetics\/nitrous-oxide-project (accessed December 2022)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2044.2002.02790.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.12165"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15579"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2022.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bja.2021.10.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","unstructured":"Kayak E McGain F Burch H et\u00a0al. Detecting and reducing nitrous oxide leaks in healthcare facilities: A practical guide. Interim Australian Centre for Disease Control Department of Health and Aged Care https:\/\/www.health.gov.au\/sites\/default\/files\/2024-09\/detecting-and-reducing-leaks-from-nitrous-oxide-in-healthcare-facilities-a-practical-guide_0.pdf (2024 accessed October 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2021.103215"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/1658-354X.140860"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X19836104"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wombi.2023.06.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-03930-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43678-023-00602-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2022.103354"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijoa.2022.103355"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_2","unstructured":"REDCap Consortium. REDCap: Research Electronic Data Capture. Vanderbilt University Nashville TN USA https:\/\/projectredcap.org (accessed 25 May 2024)"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_2","unstructured":"R Core Team (2023). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/ (accessed 25 May 2024)"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0b013e3182264aaf"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_2","unstructured":"Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. PS64(G) Position statement on environmental sustainability in anaesthesia and pain medicine practice https:\/\/www.anzca.edu.au\/getattachment\/570003dc-0a18-4837-b8c6-b9c3d2ed5396\/PS64(G)-Position-statement-on-environmental-sustainability-in-anaesthesia-and-pain-medicine-practice-2019#page= (2019 accessed 18 August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_2","unstructured":"Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. ANZCA anaesthesia training program curriculum V1.12 https:\/\/www.anzca.edu.au\/getattachment\/f77f6ee6-66af-4801-8905-bd0ded1a67b1\/ANZCA-Anaesthesia-Training-Program-Curriculum#page= (2017 accessed 18 August 2024)."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/ANE.0000000000006620"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anr3.12182"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15838"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/anae.15907"}],"container-title":["Anaesthesia and Intensive Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0310057X251330318","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0310057X251330318","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0310057X251330318","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:13:10Z","timestamp":1777367590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0310057X251330318"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0310057X251330318"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0310057x251330318","relation":{},"ISSN":["0310-057X","1448-0271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0310-057X","type":"print"},{"value":"1448-0271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,19]]}}}