{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:47:57Z","timestamp":1777376877572,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1993,10,1]],"date-time":"1993-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":749433600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anaesth Intensive Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The first 2000 incidents reported to the Australian Incident Monitoring Study were analysed with respect to the role of the capnograph. One hundred and fifty-seven (8%) were first detected by a capnograph and there were a further 18 (1%) in which capnography was contributory.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Of the 1256 incidents which occurred in association with general anaesthesia 48% were \u201chuman detected\u201d and 52% \u201cmonitor detected\u201d. The capnograph was ranked second and detected 24% of these monitor detected incidents; this figure would have been nearly 30% if a correctly checked, calibrated capnograph had always been used. The capnograph is a \u201cfront-line\u201d monitor for oesophageal intubation, failure of ventilation, anaesthetic circuit faults, gas embolism, sudden circulatory collapse and malignant hyperthermia. It is a valuable \u201cback-up\u201d monitor when other monitors (e.g. low pressure alarm, pulse oximeter) are not in use, are being used incorrectly or fail. Such situations, in order of frequency of detection were: circuit-leak, overpressure of the breathing circuit, bronchospasm, leak of ventilator-driving-gas into the patient circuit, aspiration and\/or regurgitation and hypoventilation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>There were 20 reports of \u201cfailure\u201d, over two-thirds of which would not have occurred with appropriate checking and calibration. Seven were due to gas sampling problems and 6 to apnoea alarm failure. Two circuit leaks and 2 faulty unidirectional valves were not detected; on 3 occasions problems occurred due to power failure, calibration problems, or misinterpretation of an alarm.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>In a theoretical analysis of the 1256 general anaesthesia incidents it was considered that the capnograph, used on its own, would have detected 55% of these incidents, had they been allowed to evolve (43% before any potential for organ damage).<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>It is highly recommended that a suitable, correctly checked, calibrated capnograph be used on all intubated and\/or ventilated patients from the moment of intubation until extubation; capnography is also useful in the \u201capnoea\u201d detection mode for patients breathing spontaneously on a mask.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057x9302100510","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,22]],"date-time":"2019-01-22T17:30:44Z","timestamp":1548178244000},"page":"551-557","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["The Capnograph: Applications and Limitations \u2014An Analysis of 2000 Incident Reports"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"J. A.","family":"Williamson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R. K.","family":"Webb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Cookings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, S.A."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Morgan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, The University of Adelaide and Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, S.A."},{"name":"Department of Anaesthesia, The Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Vic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1993,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0310057X9302100510","first-page":"225","volume":"15","author":"Emergency Care Research Institute.","year":"1984","journal-title":"Health Devices"},{"key":"bibr2-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03010743"},{"key":"bibr3-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X8801600115"},{"key":"bibr4-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198608000-00012"},{"key":"bibr5-0310057X9302100510","volume-title":"Policy Document P18","author":"Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists.","year":"1990"},{"key":"bibr6-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380080063029"},{"key":"bibr7-0310057X9302100510","unstructured":"International standards for a safe practice of anaesthesia. Eur J Anaesthesiol 1993; 10(Suppl 7)."},{"key":"bibr8-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9302100507"},{"key":"bibr9-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9302100508"},{"key":"bibr10-0310057X9302100510","unstructured":"Australian and New Zealand College of Anaesthetists. Policy Document T2 (1990). Protocol for Checking an Anaesthetic Machine Before Use. Melbourne."},{"key":"bibr11-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-197812000-00004"},{"key":"bibr12-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9302100524"},{"key":"bibr13-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9302100509"},{"key":"bibr14-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9302100519"},{"key":"bibr15-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9302100520"},{"key":"bibr16-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9302100518"},{"key":"bibr17-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9302100506"},{"key":"bibr18-0310057X9302100510","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9302100504"}],"container-title":["Anaesthesia and Intensive Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0310057X9302100510","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0310057X9302100510","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:06:01Z","timestamp":1777367161000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0310057X9302100510"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0310057X9302100510"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0310057x9302100510","relation":{},"ISSN":["0310-057X","1448-0271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0310-057X","type":"print"},{"value":"1448-0271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1993,10]]}}}