{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T11:30:11Z","timestamp":1777375811496,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":12,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1997,2,1]],"date-time":"1997-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":854755200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Anaesth Intensive Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]},"abstract":"\n The Maxima is a new breathing system which makes it possible to monitor cardiac output (Q) noninvasively and to follow trends continuously. When used as a rebreathing system in controlled ventilation, the Maxima selectively eliminates alveolar gas and no fresh gas (&Vdot;F) is eliminated. Without the need for a mixing chamber, eliminated CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n (F&Emacr;CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) may be measured directly. With steady state conditions, and assuming a respiratory quotient of 1, carbon dioxide production (&Vdot;CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ) = &Vdot;F x F&Emacr;CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n . The indirect Fick principle applied to. CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n exchange (&Qdot; = &Vdot;CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \/venous-to-arterial CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n content difference (C\n a<\/jats:sub>\n CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n -C\n v<\/jats:sub>\n CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n )) may be modified to &Qdot; = &Vdot;F x F&Emacr;CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n \/(C\n a<\/jats:sub>\n CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n -C\n v<\/jats:sub>\n CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n ). If &Vdot;F in the breathing system is adjusted so that F&Emacr;CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n is equal to C\n a<\/jats:sub>\n CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n -C\n v<\/jats:sub>\n CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n , then &Qdot; = &Vdot;F. It was found that, in the presence of a normal haemoglobin (13.3 g.dl\n \u20131<\/jats:sup>\n ), & Qdot; = &Vdot;F when &Vdot;F was adjusted to achieve an F&Emacr;CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n value of approximately 4.1%.\n <\/jats:p>\n \n Cardiac output estimates were compared with those obtained using a thermodilution technique in five patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting and in four patients with septicaemia in the ICU. Cardiac outputs were estimated from 1. &Vdot;CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n measurements and then 2. &Vdot;CO\n 2<\/jats:sub>\n and haemoglobin (Hb). The result of 28 measurements on nine patients with methods 1. and 2. respectively yielded a correlation with thermodilution measurements: coefficient r = 0.91 and 0.94 with a bias of \u221210.5% and \u22120.05% and an accuracy of 14% and 9%.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057x9702500104","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,16]],"date-time":"2019-01-16T03:55:51Z","timestamp":1547610951000},"page":"23-28","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Simple Method for the Continuous Noninvasive Estimate of Cardiac Output Using the Maxima Breathing System. A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"D. M.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Anaesthesiology, Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J. A.","family":"Wessels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departments of Anaesthesiology, Medical Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Tygerberg Hospital, South Africa"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1997,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0310057X9702500104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9502300303"},{"key":"bibr2-0310057X9702500104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0310057X9502300304"},{"key":"bibr3-0310057X9702500104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1960.15.3.383"},{"key":"bibr4-0310057X9702500104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1213\/00000539-198107000-00008"},{"key":"bibr5-0310057X9702500104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/10.7266"},{"key":"bibr6-0310057X9702500104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272-5231(21)00626-2","volume":"10","author":"Heigenhauser G.J.F.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Clin Chest Med"},{"key":"bibr7-0310057X9702500104","first-page":"299","volume":"32","author":"McHardy G.J.R.","year":"1967","journal-title":"Clin Sci"},{"key":"bibr8-0310057X9702500104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03011312"},{"key":"bibr9-0310057X9702500104","first-page":"1489","volume-title":"Handbook of Physiology \u2014 Respiration II.","author":"Butler J.","year":"1965"},{"key":"bibr10-0310057X9702500104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0031-9155\/5\/2\/305"},{"key":"bibr11-0310057X9702500104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-198511000-00012"},{"key":"bibr12-0310057X9702500104","first-page":"808","volume":"73","author":"Schlomo A.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Anesth Analg"}],"container-title":["Anaesthesia and Intensive Care"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0310057X9702500104","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0310057X9702500104","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T09:03:03Z","timestamp":1777366983000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0310057X9702500104"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]},"references-count":12,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0310057X9702500104"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0310057x9702500104","relation":{},"ISSN":["0310-057X","1448-0271"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0310-057X","type":"print"},{"value":"1448-0271","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1997,2]]}}}