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The frequency of nocebo was estimated by the percentage of placebo-treated patients reporting at least one adverse side effect. The dropout frequency was estimated by the percentage of placebo-treated patients who discontinued the treatment due to intolerance. In studies of symptomatic treatment for migraine, the nocebo and dropout frequencies were 18.45% and 0.33%, but rose to 42.78% and 4.75% in preventative treatment studies. In trials for prevention of TTH, nocebo and dropout frequencies were 23.99% and 5.44%. For symptomatic treatment of cluster headache, the nocebo frequency was 18.67%. Nocebo is prevalent in clinical trials for primary headaches, particularly in preventive treatment studies. Dropouts due to nocebo effect may confound the interpretation of many clinical trials.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410391485","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,7]],"date-time":"2011-01-07T22:07:56Z","timestamp":1294438076000},"page":"550-561","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":116,"title":["Nocebo is the enemy, not placebo. A meta-analysis of reported side effects after placebo treatment in headaches"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Dimos D","family":"Mitsikostas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Greece."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leonidas I","family":"Mantonakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Greece."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolaos G","family":"Chalarakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Athens Naval Hospital, Athens, Greece."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0333102410391485","first-page":"203","volume":"95","author":"Kennedy WP","year":"1961","journal-title":"Med 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