{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,6]],"date-time":"2026-07-06T13:50:20Z","timestamp":1783345820201,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]],"date-time":"2012-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1337731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Headache is a common and persistent symptom following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Headaches following TBI are defined primarily by their temporal association to injury, but have no defining clinical features. To provide a framework for treatment, primary headache symptoms were used to characterize headache.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Methods: Three hundred and seventy-eight participants were prospectively enrolled during acute in-patient rehabilitation for TBI. Headaches were classified into migraine\/probable migraine, tension-type, or cervicogenic headache at baseline and 3, 6, and 12 months following TBI.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Results: Migraine was the most frequent headache type occurring in up to 38% of participants who reported headaches. Probable migraine occurred in up to 25%, tension-type headache in up to 21%, then cervicogenic headache in up to 10%. Females were more likely to have endorsed pre-injury migraine than males, and had migraine or probable migraine at all time points after injury. Those classified with migraine were more likely to have frequent headaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>Conclusions: Our data show that most headache after TBI may be classified using primary headache criteria. Migraine\/probable migraine described the majority of headache after TBI across one year post-injury. Using symptom-based criteria for headache following TBI can serve as a framework from which to provide evidence-based treatment for these frequent, severe, and persistent headaches.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412445224","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,25]],"date-time":"2012-05-25T17:29:47Z","timestamp":1337966987000},"page":"600-606","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Characterization of headache after traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Lucas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeanne M","family":"Hoffman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen R","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Virginia Commonwealth University, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sureyya","family":"Dikmen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, University of Washington, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2012,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0333102412445224","unstructured":"Faul M, Xu L, Wald M, Traumatic brain injury in the United States: emergency department visits, hospitalizations and deaths 2002\u20132006, www.cdc.gov\/traumaticbraininjury\/pdf\/blue_book.pdf (2010, accessed 30 March 2012)."},{"key":"bibr2-0333102412445224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tanielian TL, Jaycox L, the Rand Corporation. Invisible wounds of war: psychological and cognitive injuries, their consequences, and services to assist recovery. 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