{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T15:17:29Z","timestamp":1780586249280,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,13]],"date-time":"2013-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1368403200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Primary headaches are functional neurological diseases characterized by a dynamic cyclic pattern over time (ictal\/pre-\/interictal). Electrophysiological recordings can non-invasively assess the activity of an underlying nervous structure or measure its response to various stimuli, and are therefore particularly appropriate for the study of primary headaches. Their interest, however, is chiefly pathophysiological, as interindividual, and to some extent intraindividual, variations preclude their use as diagnostic tools.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim of the work<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This article will review the most important findings of electrophysiological studies in primary headache pathophysiology, especially migraine on which numerous studies have been published.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In migraine, the most reproducible hallmark is the interictal lack of neuronal habituation to the repetition of various types of sensory stimulations. The mechanism subtending this phenomenon remains uncertain, but it could be the consequence of a thalamocortical dysrythmia that results in a reduced cortical preactivation level. In tension-type headache as well as in cluster headache, there seems to be an impairment of central pain-controlling mechanisms but the studies are scarce and their outcomes are contradictory. The discrepancies between studies might be as a result of methodological differences as well as patients\u2019 dissimilarities, which are also discussed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and perspectives<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Electrophysiology is complementary to functional neuroimaging and will undoubtedly remain an important tool in headache research. One of its upcoming applications is to help select neurostimulation techniques and protocols that correct best the functional abnormalities detectable in certain headache disorders.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413477739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,13]],"date-time":"2013-05-13T05:38:55Z","timestamp":1368423535000},"page":"526-539","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":68,"title":["Pearls and pitfalls: Electrophysiology for primary headaches"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Delphine","family":"Magis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Research Unit, University Department of Neurology, CHR Citadelle, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Vigano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Research Unit, University Department of Neurology, CHR Citadelle, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simona","family":"Sava","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Research Unit, University Department of Neurology, CHR Citadelle, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tullia Sasso","family":"d\u2019Elia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Research Unit, University Department of Neurology, CHR Citadelle, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Schoenen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Research Unit, University Department of Neurology, CHR Citadelle, Belgium"},{"name":"GIGA Neurosciences, University of Li\u00e8ge, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluca","family":"Coppola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurophysiology of Vision and Neuroophthalmology, G.B. Bietti Foundation-IRCCS, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0333102413477739","unstructured":"The International Classification of Headache Disorders: 2nd edition.\n                      Cephalalgia\n                      2004; 24 Suppl 1: 9\u2013160."},{"key":"bibr2-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(47)90054-8"},{"key":"bibr3-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.2010.03190.x"},{"key":"bibr4-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Magis D, Ambrosini A, Bendtsen L, et\u00a0al. Evaluation and proposal for optimalization of neurophysiological tests in migraine: Part 1\u2013electrophysiological tests.\n                      Cephalalgia\n                      2007; 27: 1323\u20131338. **\n                      Reviews the main electrophysiological techniques in a technical point of view, with their advantages and weaknesses. All published studies up to 2007 are also reported in table form.\n                      .","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01440.x"},{"key":"bibr5-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nlm.2008.09.012"},{"key":"bibr6-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.06.002"},{"key":"bibr7-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5955(03)00172-2"},{"key":"bibr8-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoenen J, Wang W, Albert A and Delwaide PJ. Potentiation instead of habituation characterizes visual evoked potentials in migraine patients between attacks.\n                      Eur J Neurol\n                      1995; 2: 115\u2013122. **\n                      This trial demonstrated for the first time an interictal lack of habituation of visual evoked potentials in migraine patients.\n                      .","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-1331.1995.tb00103.x"},{"key":"bibr9-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/121.2.233"},{"key":"bibr10-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-010-0239-7"},{"key":"bibr11-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.46.5.1404"},{"key":"bibr12-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-1331.2002.00387.x"},{"key":"bibr13-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-10-126"},{"key":"bibr14-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00137-4"},{"key":"bibr15-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-005-0183-0"},{"key":"bibr16-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190115"},{"key":"bibr17-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1995.015002123.x"},{"key":"bibr18-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Katsarava Z, Giffin N, Diener HC and Kaube H. Abnormal habituation of \u2018nociceptive' blink reflex in migraine\u2013Evidence for increased excitability of trigeminal nociception.\n                      Cephalalgia\n                      2003; 23: 814\u2013819. **\n                      This study showed for the first time a lack of habituation of a subcortical reflex, the nociception-specific blink reflex (nsBR), also indicating an abnormal trigeminal pain processing in migraine patients.\n                      .","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2003.00591.x"},{"key":"bibr19-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ambrosini A, Rossi P, De Pasqua V, et\u00a0al. Lack of habituation causes high intensity dependence of auditory evoked cortical potentials in migraine.\n                      Brain\n                      2003; 126: 2009\u20132015. **\n                      This study demonstrated a strong intensity dependence of auditory evoked potentials (IDAP) in migraineurs which varied in parallel to a lack of habituation. The authors suggested that serotonin would modulate IDAP through its effect on habituation.\n                      .","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg206"},{"key":"bibr20-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2000.00098.x"},{"key":"bibr21-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(98)00811-8"},{"key":"bibr22-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1999.019005485.x"},{"key":"bibr23-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2006.02.019"},{"key":"bibr24-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-009-0150-2"},{"key":"bibr25-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2000.00122.x"},{"key":"bibr26-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen WT, Wang SJ, Fuh JL, et\u00a0al. Visual cortex excitability and plasticity associated with remission from chronic to episodic migraine.\n                      Cephalalgia\n                      2012; 32: 537\u2013543. **\n                      This trial was the first to demonstrate that in chronic migraine patients that evolved to the episodic form after treatment, habituation of the VEPs was replaced by potentiation. Chronic migraine could thus be considered as a \u2018never ending attack'.\n                      .","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412443337"},{"key":"bibr27-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-011-0231-1"},{"key":"bibr28-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandor PS, Afra J, Proietti-Cecchini A, Albert A and Schoenen J. Familial influences on cortical evoked potentials in migraine.\n                      Neuroreport\n                      1999; 10: 1235\u20131238. **\n                      This publication found familial influences on the habituation deficit in migraineurs, which highlighted the importance of genetic factors.\n                      .","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199904260-00015"},{"key":"bibr29-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awl351"},{"key":"bibr30-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(01)00350-5"},{"key":"bibr31-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.00271.x"},{"key":"bibr32-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1388-2457(00)00271-6"},{"key":"bibr33-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2000.00005.x"},{"key":"bibr34-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2008.06.076"},{"key":"bibr35-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410388434"},{"key":"bibr36-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2002.02144.x"},{"key":"bibr37-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.04.018"},{"key":"bibr38-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-5597(92)90076-N"},{"key":"bibr39-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1992.hed3207345.x"},{"key":"bibr40-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410440211"},{"key":"bibr41-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2003.00475.x"},{"key":"bibr42-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-002-1096-7"},{"key":"bibr43-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.4.1111"},{"key":"bibr44-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1999.3907469.x"},{"key":"bibr45-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2004.04028.x"},{"key":"bibr46-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-006-0575-1"},{"key":"bibr47-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bohotin V, Fumal A, Vandenheede M, et\u00a0al. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on visual evoked potentials in migraine.\n                      Brain\n                      2002; 125: 912\u2013922. **\n                      This is the first demonstration that VEP habituation can be modified by rTMS, leading to potential therapeutic indications.\n                      .","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awf081"},{"key":"bibr48-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221-004-2042-7"},{"key":"bibr49-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2011.03.012"},{"key":"bibr50-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2005.01013.x"},{"key":"bibr51-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coppola G, Vandenheede M, Di Clemente L, et\u00a0al. Somatosensory evoked high-frequency oscillations reflecting thalamo-cortical activity are decreased in migraine patients between attacks.\n                      Brain\n                      2005; 128: 98\u2013103. **\n                      This important trial stressed that a thalamic dysfunction is responsible for a reduced preactivation level of sensory cortices leading to the lack of habituation found in migraine, using the analysis of the high frequency oscillations of the somatosensory evoked potentials.\n                      .","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awh334"},{"key":"bibr52-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-11-91"},{"key":"bibr53-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.2000.00006.x"},{"key":"bibr54-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2012.03.009"},{"key":"bibr55-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102412446313"},{"key":"bibr56-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01466.x"},{"key":"bibr57-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(07)70325-3"},{"key":"bibr58-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2010.12.061"},{"key":"bibr59-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.1993.hed3301003.x"},{"key":"bibr60-0333102413477739","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schoenen J, Jamart B, Gerard P, et\u00a0al. 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Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCs) of the visual cortex for migraine prevention: a proof-of-concept study.\n                      J Headache Pain\n                      2012: Abstract presented at the 3rd EHMTIC, London, September 2012.","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-14-S1-P194"}],"container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0333102413477739","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0333102413477739","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0333102413477739","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:47:21Z","timestamp":1777387641000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0333102413477739"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,13]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0333102413477739"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102413477739","relation":{},"ISSN":["0333-1024","1468-2982"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0333-1024","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2982","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,5,13]]}}}