{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:21:57Z","timestamp":1777490517184,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":85,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]],"date-time":"2016-11-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1479254400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Osmophobia (Os) has been reported to be much more prevalent in migraine (M) than in other primary headaches, and its high specificity in the differential diagnosis between M and tension-type headache (TTH) has been reported. Os was included in the ICHD II Appendix as a diagnostic criterion of M. It disappeared in ICHD-3 beta. To understand this choice, we reviewed the literature after 2004.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a systematic review. We searched in PubMed, MEDLINE and Cochrane library for \u201cosmophobia\u201d, \u201codour\/odorphobia AND headache\u201d, \u201codour\/odor hypersensitivity AND headache\u201d and \u201colfactory hypersensitivity AND headache\u201d.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>112 papers cited Os as an accompanying symptom of headache; 16 focused on Os in M diagnosis. With the data from 40 articles, we calculated the pooled prevalence of Os in 14,360 patients (2281 pediatric) affected by M (n\u2009=\u200912,496) and TTH (n\u2009=\u20091864). In M, the prevalence was 48.5% (CI 95% 41.4 to 55.8%) in adults and 23.4% (CI 95% 15.7 to 33.4%) in pediatric patients; in TTH, the prevalence was 8.9% (CI 95% 4.6 to 13.5%) in adults and 7.9% (CI 95% 3.3 to 18.1%) in pediatric patients. Ten of these papers allowed us to calculate the sensibility and specificity of Os in differential diagnosis between M and TTH. In adults, the value of specificity was 94.1% (CI 95% 88.9 to 96.9%), and sensitivity was 51.4% (CI 95% 38.4 to 64.2%). In pediatric patients, specificity was 92.0% (CI 95% 81.9 to 96.7%), and sensitivity was 22.1% (CI 95% 10.1 to 41.8%).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The literature endorses the inclusion of Os among M diagnostic criteria. On this ground, the decision to remove Os from ICHD 3 beta appears unjustified and a revision of this choice is recommended.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416678390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,14]],"date-time":"2016-11-14T21:15:26Z","timestamp":1479158126000},"page":"340-352","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A lost track in ICHD 3 beta: A comprehensive review on osmophobia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Giorgio","family":"Zanchin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Headache Centre, School of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Fuccaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Headache Centre, School of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pierantonio","family":"Battistella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Headache Centre, School of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mario","family":"Ermani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Headache Centre, School of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Mainardi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Centre, Neurological Division, SS Giovanni e Paolo Hospital, Venice, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferdinando","family":"Maggioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interdepartmental Headache Centre, School of Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1988.0801001.x","volume":"8","author":"Headache Classification committee of the International Headache Society","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"bibr2-0333102416678390","first-page":"8","volume":"4","author":"Headache Classification subcommittee of the International Headache Society","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"bibr3-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413485658"},{"key":"bibr4-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zanchin G. Headache: An historical outline. In: Aminoff MJ, Boller F, Swaab DF (eds)\n                      Handbook of Clinical Neurology, Vol 95 History of Neurology\n                      . Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2009, pp.375\u2013386.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(08)02125-8"},{"key":"bibr5-0333102416678390","unstructured":"Crasso GP.\n                      Aretaei Cappadocis medici insigni, ac vetustissimi libri septem\n                      . Venetiis: Tipografia Remondiniana 1763."},{"key":"bibr6-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gowers WR.\n                      A manual of diseases of the nervous system\n                      . London: Churchill, 1888.","DOI":"10.2307\/1411377"},{"key":"bibr7-0333102416678390","unstructured":"Living E.\n                      On megrim, sick headaches and some allied disorders\n                      . 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Osmophobia in juvenile primary headaches.\n                      Cephalalgia\n                      2008; 28: 825\u2013831.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01589.x"},{"key":"bibr39-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01421.x"},{"key":"bibr40-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-005-0205-y"},{"key":"bibr41-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-005-0188-8"},{"key":"bibr42-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.00266.x"},{"key":"bibr43-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000301"},{"key":"bibr44-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Silva-N\u00e9to RP, Rodrigues \u00c2B, Cavalcante DC, et\u00a0al. May headache triggered by odors be regarded as a differentiating factor between migraine and other primary headaches?\n                      Cephalalgia\n                      2017; 37: 20\u201328.","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102416636098"},{"key":"bibr45-0333102416678390","first-page":"13","volume":"9","author":"Assarzadegan F","year":"2015","journal-title":"Iran J Child Neurol"},{"key":"bibr46-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0566-9"},{"key":"bibr47-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-015-2141-1"},{"key":"bibr48-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0529-1"},{"key":"bibr49-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0495-7"},{"key":"bibr50-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0583-8"},{"key":"bibr51-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12462"},{"key":"bibr52-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-014-1903-5"},{"key":"bibr53-0333102416678390","first-page":"15","volume":"13","author":"Chu MK","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"bibr54-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chicu-Hadirca C, Odobescu S, Rotaru L, et al. The pain is less severe but more disabling in chronic vs. Frequent migraine patients.\n                      J Headache Pain\n                      2014; 15 (Suppl 1): D5.","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-S1-D5"},{"key":"bibr55-0333102416678390","first-page":"40","volume":"23","author":"Ishii M","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Taiwan"},{"key":"bibr56-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-014-0238-4"},{"key":"bibr57-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sretenovic S, Stanic A and Mitrovic A. Premonitory symptoms and migraine disability assessment (MIDAS) questionnaire.\n                      J Headache Pain\n                      2014; 15(Suppl. 1): D60.","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-S1-D60"},{"key":"bibr58-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-011-0386-5"},{"key":"bibr59-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/03009734.2011.573883"},{"key":"bibr60-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102411410612"},{"key":"bibr61-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318227e4a8"},{"key":"bibr62-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2009.198481"},{"key":"bibr63-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-3-213"},{"key":"bibr64-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-010-0109-7"},{"key":"bibr65-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01291.x"},{"key":"bibr66-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.100214"},{"key":"bibr67-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.09.012"},{"key":"bibr68-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2006.00444.x"},{"key":"bibr69-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2006.01075.x"},{"key":"bibr70-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morillo LE, Alarcon F, Aranaga N, et al. Clinical characteristics and patterns of medication use of migraineurs in Latin America from 12 cities in 6 countries.\n                      Headache\n                      2005; 45: 118\u2013126.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2005.05025.x"},{"key":"bibr71-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0552-2"},{"key":"bibr72-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413495969"},{"key":"bibr73-0333102416678390","first-page":"776","volume":"17","author":"Rocha-Filho PA","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pain Med"},{"key":"bibr74-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102414527014"},{"key":"bibr75-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01672.x"},{"key":"bibr76-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0b013e3283532ca3"},{"key":"bibr77-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2013.02.002"},{"key":"bibr78-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12091"},{"key":"bibr79-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benemi S, Appendino G and Geppetti P. Pleasant natural scents with unpleasant effect: Cluster headache-like attacks triggered by Umbellularia californica.\n                      Cephalalgia\n                      2010; 30: 744\u2013746.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2009.01988.x"},{"key":"bibr80-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069203"},{"key":"bibr81-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2202-13-122"},{"key":"bibr82-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/chemse\/23.1.31"},{"key":"bibr83-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.160.18.2729"},{"key":"bibr84-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/folmed-2013-0027"},{"key":"bibr85-0333102416678390","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.2002.00467.x"}],"container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0333102416678390","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/0333102416678390","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/0333102416678390","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:47:16Z","timestamp":1777387636000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/0333102416678390"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]]},"references-count":85,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/0333102416678390"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0333102416678390","relation":{},"ISSN":["0333-1024","1468-2982"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0333-1024","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2982","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,16]]}}}