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Most acute painful craniofacial conditions are easily recognized and well managed, but others, especially those that are chronic (e.g., migraine, TMD and trigeminal neuropathies), present clinical challenges. Preclinical studies have provided substantial information about the anatomical and physiological mechanisms related to the initiation and modulation of nociceptive signals in the trigeminal system. While knowledge of the mechanisms underlying chronic craniofacial pain remains limited, both clinical and preclinical investigations suggest that changes in afferent inputs to the brain as well as in brain structure and modulatory pathways occur in chronic pain. Collectively, these changes result in amplification of nociception that promotes and sustains craniofacial chronic pain states.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The increased understanding gained of the physiological and pathological processing of nociception in the trigeminal system has provided new perspectives for the mechanistic understanding of acute craniofacial pain conditions and the peripheral and central adaptations that are related to pain chronification. Such knowledge may contribute to improvements in currently available treatments as well as to the development of novel analgesic therapies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417704187","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]],"date-time":"2017-04-25T09:36:52Z","timestamp":1493113012000},"page":"613-626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":134,"title":["Mechanisms of craniofacial pain"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"37","author":[{"given":"Juliana Geremias","family":"Chichorro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Parana \u2013 UFPR Setor de Ci\u00eancias Biol\u00f3gicas, Curitiba, PR, Brasil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Porreca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry","family":"Sessle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Physiology Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Physiology Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10454411000110010401"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385198-7.00007-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-385198-7.00009-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Treatment of TMDs: Bridging the gap between advances in research and clinical patient management","author":"Dubner R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Dubner R, Ren K, Sessle BJ Sensory mechanisms of orofacial pain. 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