{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:34:27Z","timestamp":1777491267430,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624147200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Hypertension and headache disorders are major contributors to public ill health, linked by a long-standing but questionable belief that hypertension is a conspicuous cause of headache. In Nepal, where hypertension is common and often untreated, we assessed the substance of this belief, hypothesising that, should hypertension be a significant cause of headache, a clear positive association between these disorders would exist.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In a cross-sectional, nationwide study, trained health workers conducted face-to-face structured interviews, during unannounced home visits, with a representative sample of the Nepalese adult population (18\u201365 years). They applied standard diagnostic criteria for headache disorders and measured blood pressure digitally. Hypertension was defined as systolic pressure \u2265140 and\/or diastolic \u226590 mm Hg.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 2,100 participants (59.0% female, mean age 36.4\u2009\u00b1\u200912.8 years), 317 (15.1%) had hypertension (41.0% female) and 1,794 (85.4%) had headache (61.6% female; 728 migraine, 863 tension-type headache, 161 headache on \u226515 days\/month [mutually exclusive diagnoses]; 42 unclassified headaches). All headache collectively was less prevalent among hypertension cases (78.9%) than non-cases (86.6%; p\u2009=\u20090.001). A negative association between hypertension and all headache was demonstrated in bivariate analysis (odds ratio: 0.6 [95% Confidence interval: 0.4\u20130.8]; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but did not maintain significance in multivariate regression analysis (adjusted odds ratio: 0.8 [95% Confidence interval: 0.5\u20131.1]; p\u2009=\u20090.09). The findings were reflected, without significance, in each headache type.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>If any association exists between hypertension and headache disorders, it is negative. From the public-health perspective, headache disorders and hypertension are unrelated entities: they need distinct policies and programs for prevention, control and management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024211020398","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T11:47:31Z","timestamp":1624189651000},"page":"1310-1317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["If headache has any association with hypertension, it is negative. Evidence from a population-based study in Nepal"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"41","author":[{"given":"Kedar","family":"Manandhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal"},{"name":"Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1352-858X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ajay","family":"Risal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal"},{"name":"Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rajendra","family":"Koju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dhulikhel Hospital, Kathmandu University Hospital, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal"},{"name":"Kathmandu University School of Medical Sciences, Dhulikhel, Kavre, Nepal"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mattias","family":"Linde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Norwegian Advisory Unit on Headache, St Olavs University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy J","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Division of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jash.2016.08.006"},{"key":"bibr2-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/HJH.0b013e3283625055"},{"key":"bibr3-03331024211020398","unstructured":"World Health Organization and Lifting The Burden. Atlas of Headache Disorders and Resources in the World 2011. WHO, Geneva, 2011."},{"key":"bibr4-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cjca.2015.01.009"},{"key":"bibr5-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32225-6"},{"key":"bibr6-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2007.01288.x"},{"key":"bibr7-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7"},{"key":"bibr8-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31678-6"},{"key":"bibr9-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"bibr10-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01208-0"},{"key":"bibr11-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18865\/ed.26.3.323"},{"key":"bibr12-03331024211020398","first-page":"16","volume":"1","author":"Wang SJ","year":"2010","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"bibr13-03331024211020398","first-page":"2","volume":"1","author":"Hamed SA.","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosci"},{"key":"bibr14-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0570-0"},{"key":"bibr15-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.6.1225"},{"key":"bibr16-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.5741.142"},{"key":"bibr17-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.34.3.188"},{"key":"bibr18-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12547"},{"key":"bibr19-03331024211020398","first-page":"463","volume":"72","author":"Hagen K","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat"},{"key":"bibr20-03331024211020398","unstructured":"United States Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook. Available at: https:\/\/www.cia.gov\/library\/publications\/the-world-factbook\/geos\/np.html (accessed 27 March 2019)."},{"key":"bibr21-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0134834"},{"key":"bibr22-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3126\/kumj.v13i1.13744"},{"key":"bibr23-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-015-0580-y"},{"key":"bibr24-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0594-0"},{"key":"bibr25-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0942-3"},{"key":"bibr26-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-52"},{"key":"bibr27-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-51"},{"key":"bibr28-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-3"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr29-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S40","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-005-0144-7","volume":"8","author":"Peters M","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"bibr30-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102413485658"},{"key":"bibr31-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000107251.49515.c2"},{"key":"bibr32-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.13334"},{"key":"bibr33-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5164.1430"},{"key":"bibr34-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2005.00476.x"},{"key":"bibr35-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1526-4610.1999.3906409.x"},{"key":"bibr36-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2014.05.017"},{"key":"bibr37-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-5"},{"key":"bibr38-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3002000"},{"key":"bibr39-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu022"},{"issue":"1","key":"bibr40-03331024211020398","first-page":"9","volume":"24","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cephalalgia"},{"key":"bibr41-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.2009.01215.x"},{"key":"bibr42-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.165.8.916"},{"key":"bibr43-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-011-0304-x"},{"key":"bibr44-03331024211020398","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0635-8"}],"container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03331024211020398","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03331024211020398","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03331024211020398","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:49:07Z","timestamp":1777387747000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03331024211020398"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03331024211020398"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03331024211020398","relation":{},"ISSN":["0333-1024","1468-2982"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0333-1024","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2982","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]]}}}