{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T19:37:43Z","timestamp":1777491463841,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648166400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fondazione Italiana Cefalee"},{"name":"Lifting the Burden"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>About 26 million people are living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. The DREAM programme in sub-Saharan Africa provides free healthcare for HIV\/AIDS and a range of chronic non-communicable diseases. HIV is a risk factor for neurological non-communicable diseases including stroke and epilepsy, which themselves are associated with headache, and HIV may be a direct risk factor for headache. We investigated the prevalence and burden of headache in a HIV+ population in sub-Saharan Africa.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>At the DREAM Centre in Blantyre, Malawi, a low-income country with a population of 19 million and 9.2% HIV prevalence, a structured questionnaire was administered by a trained lay interviewer to consecutively attending HIV+ patients aged 6\u201365 years. All were monitored with regular viral load detection.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of 513 eligible patients invited, 498 were included (mean age 34.1\u2009\u00b1\u200912.8 years; 72% females; 15 declined). All were on antiretroviral treatment, with viral load undetectable in 83.9%. The 1-year prevalence of headache was 80.3% (females 83.6%, males 71.9%); 3.8% had \u226515 headache days\/month, 1.4% had probable medication-overuse headache. Mean overall headache frequency was 4.4\u2009\u00b1\u20095.4 days\/month. Those reporting headache lost means of 2.3% of paid workdays and 3.3% of household workdays because of headache. Only one third had sought advice for their headache.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Headache is very prevalent among HIV+ patients in Malawi, imposing additional burden and costs on individuals and the community. Management of headache disorders should be implemented in HIV centres, as it is for other chronic non-communicable diseases.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024221088994","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]],"date-time":"2022-03-25T04:43:47Z","timestamp":1648183427000},"page":"918-925","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Burden of headache in a HIV-positive population of sub-Saharan Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"42","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7475-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"Leone","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroalgology Unit, Foundation IRCCS Carlo Besta Neurological Institute, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9565-5610","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Giani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Department, IRCCS Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri di Milano, Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Phaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DREAM Program, Health Department, Blantyre, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Derya","family":"Uluduz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Department, Istanbul University Cerrahpa\u015fa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"\u015ea\u015fmaz","family":"Tayyar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Department, Mersin University School of Medicine, Mersin, Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maureen","family":"Kamponda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DREAM Program, Health Department, Blantyre, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Victor Tamba","family":"Tolno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"DREAM Program, Health Department, Blantyre, Malawi"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Guidotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Health Department, Azienda Sanitaria Locale (ASL) Roma 1, Regione Lazio, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Cristina","family":"Marazzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Sciences, LUMSA University, Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy J","family":"Steiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Neuromedicine and Movement Science, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30925-9"},{"key":"bibr2-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-5"},{"key":"bibr3-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1129-2377-15-3"},{"key":"bibr4-03331024221088994","first-page":"513","volume":"16","author":"Mbewe E","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"bibr5-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-017-0765-7"},{"key":"bibr6-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30374-2"},{"key":"bibr7-03331024221088994","unstructured":"World Health Organization. HIV\/AIDS, https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hiv-aids (2021, accessed 16 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr8-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000002278"},{"key":"bibr9-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318271f7b8"},{"key":"bibr10-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yebeh.2003.07.003"},{"key":"bibr11-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-1084-y"},{"key":"bibr12-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0072-9752(08)93042-6"},{"key":"bibr13-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-018-0710-9"},{"key":"bibr14-03331024221088994","unstructured":"Dream \u2013 Sant\u2019Egidio. Home, https:\/\/www.dream-health.org\/ (accessed 16 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr15-03331024221088994","unstructured":"World Bank. Malawi - Data, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/country\/malawi (accessed 16 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr16-03331024221088994","unstructured":"PopulationPyramid.net. Population of World 2019, https:\/\/www.populationpyramid.net\/malawi\/2019\/ (accessed 19 May 2021)."},{"key":"bibr17-03331024221088994","unstructured":"UNAIDS. AIDSinfo, http:\/\/aidsinfo.unaids.org\/ (accessed 16 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr18-03331024221088994","unstructured":"World Bank. Life expectancy at birth, total (years) - Malawi Data, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.DYN.LE00.IN?locations=MW (2019, accessed 16 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr19-03331024221088994","volume-title":"Atlas: Country Resources for Neurological Disorders, 2nd ed","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2017"},{"key":"bibr20-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.1007\/s10194-007-0320-4","volume":"8","author":"Peters M","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"bibr21-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-018-0837-3"},{"key":"bibr22-03331024221088994","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Cephalalgia","volume":"38","year":"2018"},{"key":"bibr23-03331024221088994","unstructured":"World Bank. Population, female (% of total population) \u2013 Malawi Data, https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/SP.POP.TOTL.FE.ZS?locations=MW (2019, accessed 16 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr24-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13183"},{"key":"bibr25-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2017.06.009"},{"key":"bibr26-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30099-0"},{"key":"bibr27-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30077-3"},{"key":"bibr28-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.24875\/AIDSRev.19000023"},{"key":"bibr29-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2717-x"},{"key":"bibr30-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(20)30099-0"},{"key":"bibr31-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00003495-200363080-00004"},{"key":"bibr32-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(18)30021-3"},{"key":"bibr33-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2011.02025.x"},{"key":"bibr34-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-016-0704-z"},{"key":"bibr35-03331024221088994","first-page":"515","volume":"16","author":"Mbewe E","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Headache Pain"},{"key":"bibr36-03331024221088994","unstructured":"United Nations 66\/2. Political Declaration of the High-level Meeting of the General Assembly on the Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases, https:\/\/www.who.int\/nmh\/events\/un_ncd_summit2011\/political_declaration_en.pdf (2012, accessed 16 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr37-03331024221088994","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Universal Health Coverage, https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/universal-health-coverage#tab=tab_1 (2019, accessed 16 March 2022)."},{"key":"bibr38-03331024221088994","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Draft Intersectoral global action plan on epilepsy and other neurological disorders 2022-2031, https:\/\/www.who.int\/news\/item\/12-01-2022-draft-intersectoral-global-action-plan-on-epilepsy-and-other-neurological-disorders-2022-2031 (2021, accessed 16 March 2022)"},{"key":"bibr39-03331024221088994","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419849014"}],"container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03331024221088994","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03331024221088994","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03331024221088994","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:49:30Z","timestamp":1777387770000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03331024221088994"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03331024221088994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03331024221088994","relation":{},"ISSN":["0333-1024","1468-2982"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0333-1024","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2982","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,25]]}}}