{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,28]],"date-time":"2026-10-28T23:34:15Z","timestamp":1793230455038,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]],"date-time":"2023-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681776000000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Misdiagnoses of headache disorders are a serious issue. Therefore, we developed an artificial intelligence-based headache diagnosis model using a large questionnaire database in a specialized headache hospital.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phase 1: We developed an artificial intelligence model based on a retrospective investigation of 4000 patients (2800 training and 1200 test dataset) diagnosed by headache specialists. Phase 2: The model\u2019s efficacy and accuracy were validated. Five non-headache specialists first diagnosed headaches in 50 patients, who were then re-diagnosed using AI. The ground truth was the diagnosis by headache specialists. The diagnostic performance and concordance rates between headache specialists and non-specialists with or without artificial intelligence were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Phase 1: The model\u2019s macro-average accuracy, sensitivity (recall), specificity, precision, and F values were 76.25%, 56.26%, 92.16%, 61.24%, and 56.88%, respectively, for the test dataset. Phase 2: Five non-specialists diagnosed headaches without artificial intelligence with 46% overall accuracy and 0.212 kappa for the ground truth. The statistically improved values with artificial intelligence were 83.20% and 0.678, respectively. Other diagnostic indexes were also improved.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Artificial intelligence improved the non-specialist diagnostic performance. Given the model\u2019s limitations based on the data from a single center and the low diagnostic accuracy for secondary headaches, further data collection and validation are needed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024231156925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,19]],"date-time":"2023-04-19T00:32:33Z","timestamp":1681864353000},"page":"033310242311569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Developing an artificial intelligence-based headache diagnostic model and its utility for non-specialists\u2019 diagnostic accuracy"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0192-5430","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Masahito","family":"Katsuki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Itoigawa General Hospital, Niigata, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomokazu","family":"Shimazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Saitama Neuropsychiatric Institute, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0648-0378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shoji","family":"Kikui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Tominaga Hospital, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3737-4754","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daisuke","family":"Danno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Tominaga Hospital, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junichi","family":"Miyahara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Tominaga Hospital, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryusaku","family":"Takeshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Osaka Saiseikai Nakatsu Hospital, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eriko","family":"Takeshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, Osaka Metropolitan University, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Shimazu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Training, St. Luke\u2019s International Hospital, Tokyo, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takahiro","family":"Nakashima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Saitama Neuropsychiatric Institute, Saitama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mitsuhiro","family":"Matsuo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Takao","family":"Takeshima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Center and Department of Neurology, Tominaga Hospital, Osaka, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03331024231156925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-021-00305-9"},{"key":"bibr2-03331024231156925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"bibr3-03331024231156925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1997.1701015.x"},{"key":"bibr4-03331024231156925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05831-w"},{"key":"bibr5-03331024231156925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4610.2004.04004.x"},{"key":"bibr6-03331024231156925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.53.1700"},{"key":"bibr7-03331024231156925","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410391486"},{"key":"bibr8-03331024231156925","volume-title":"Clinical Practice Guideline for Headache Disorders 2021 (Japanese)","author":"Headache Clinical 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