{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T13:42:12Z","timestamp":1793713332974,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1679529600000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009879","name":"Regione Emilia-Romagna","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Programma di Ricerca Regione-Universit\u00e0 2007-2009"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Programma di Ricerca Regione-Universit\u00e0 2007-2009"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009879","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic headaches and medication overuse headache are common and burdening conditions. No studies have evaluated the prevalence of chronic headache and medication overuse headache in an unselected Italian population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We performed a three-year cross-sectional and longitudinal population-based study to investigate prevalence, natural history, and prognostic factors of chronic headache. We delivered a self-administered questionnaire to 25,163 subjects. Chronic headache patients were interviewed by General Practitioners. After three years, medication overuse headache patients were invited to undergo a neurological evaluation at our Center.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>16,577 individuals completed the questionnaire; 6878 (41,5%) were episodic headache sufferers and 636 (3.8%) were chronic headache subjects. 239 (1.4%) patients were acute medication over-users. All medication overuse headache patients had migraine or headache with migrainous features. At the three-year follow-up of 98 patients, we observed conversion to episodic headaches in 53 (54.1%) patients. 27 (50.9%) patients remitted spontaneously.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We present the first prevalence data on chronic headache and medication overuse headache in an unselected Italian population and a high rate of spontaneous remission. These data support the interpretation of medication overuse headache as a specific migraine-related disorder that may reflect chronic migraine\u2019s dynamic nature, the need for more specific medication overuse headache diagnostic criteria, and highlight the priority of targeted public health policies.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024231157677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,23]],"date-time":"2023-03-23T04:03:05Z","timestamp":1679544185000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence, natural history and dynamic nature of chronic headache and medication overuse headache in Italy: The SPARTACUS study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5335-2438","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Favoni","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9265-3281","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Mascarella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences of Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Giannini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences of Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salvatore","family":"Bauleo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Primary Care Department, Casalecchio di Reno district, ASL Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4072-2353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Torelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Surgery, Parma and Neurology Unit, AOU di Parma, University of Parma, Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulia","family":"Pierangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences of Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Cortelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences of Bologna, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabina","family":"Cevoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"name":"the SPARTACUS Study 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