{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T01:51:01Z","timestamp":1793411461586,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This longitudinal cohort study aimed to investigate changes in migraine-related outcomes following COVID-19 infection and vaccination.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We identified 547 clinically diagnosed migraine patients from the Leiden Headache Center who kept a headache E-diary during the COVID-19 pandemic (February 2020 to August 2022). We sent a questionnaire to register their COVID-19 infection and\/or vaccination dates. After applying inclusion criteria, n\u2009=\u200959 participants could be included in the infection analysis and n\u2009=\u2009147 could be included in the vaccination analysis. Primary outcome was the change in monthly migraine days (MMD) between 1 month prior and 1 month post COVID-19 infection or vaccination. Secondary outcome variables were change in monthly headache days (MHD) and monthly acute medication days (MAMD).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Vaccination against COVID-19 was associated with an increase in MMD (1.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]\u2009=\u20090.57\u20131.55; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001), MHD (1.52; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.91\u20132.14; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and MAMD (0.72; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.33\u20131.12; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.001) in the first month post-vaccination. COVID-19 infection solely increased the number of MAMD (1.11; 95% CI\u2009=\u20090.10\u20131.62; p\u2009&lt;\u20090.027), but no statistically significant differences in MMD or MHD were observed.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our findings imply that vaccination against COVID-19 is associated with an increase in migraine, indicating a possible role of inflammatory mediators in migraine pathophysiology.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024231198792","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]],"date-time":"2023-09-08T19:51:43Z","timestamp":1694202703000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Effect of COVID vaccination on monthly migraine days: a longitudinal cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8999-0087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Britt W. H.","family":"van der Arend","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus University, Rotterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mirthe M.","family":"Bloemhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alle G.","family":"van der Schoor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik W.","family":"van Zwet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisela M.","family":"Terwindt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30221-0"},{"key":"bibr2-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024211010306"},{"key":"bibr3-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024231166625"},{"key":"bibr4-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420981739"},{"key":"bibr5-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15075"},{"key":"bibr6-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.14718"},{"key":"bibr7-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13967"},{"key":"bibr8-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-020-01183-6"},{"key":"bibr9-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101544"},{"key":"bibr10-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32661-1"},{"key":"bibr11-03331024231198792","first-page":"1152","volume":"11","author":"Tiyo BT","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life (Basel)"},{"key":"bibr12-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01194-5"},{"key":"bibr13-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577"},{"key":"bibr14-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2035389"},{"key":"bibr15-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines10071068"},{"key":"bibr16-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-020-00479-7"},{"key":"bibr17-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31604-4"},{"key":"bibr18-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024211038654"},{"key":"bibr19-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/braincomms\/fcab169"},{"key":"bibr20-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40122-021-00296-3"},{"key":"bibr21-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10245914"},{"key":"bibr22-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420974362"},{"key":"bibr23-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-019-0216-y"},{"key":"bibr24-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01271-1"},{"key":"bibr25-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"bibr26-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurol.2021.07.005"},{"key":"bibr27-03331024231198792","first-page":"307","volume":"12","author":"Ayd\u0131n M","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur J Gen Med"},{"key":"bibr28-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.99993"},{"key":"bibr29-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30185-1"},{"key":"bibr30-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s10194-021-01353-0"},{"key":"bibr31-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000831"},{"key":"bibr32-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024221131337"},{"key":"bibr33-03331024231198792","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2204336119"}],"container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03331024231198792","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1177\/03331024231198792","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1177\/03331024231198792","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,28]],"date-time":"2026-04-28T14:45:59Z","timestamp":1777387559000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1177\/03331024231198792"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1177\/03331024231198792"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03331024231198792","relation":{},"ISSN":["0333-1024","1468-2982"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0333-1024","type":"print"},{"value":"1468-2982","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"article-number":"03331024231198792"}}