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In addition, we explored the potential association between heart rate variability and treatment outcomes in patients receiving preventive treatment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In this cross-sectional and prospective study, we compared heart rate variability profiles in 81 preventive-na\u00efve chronic migraine patients and 58 healthy controls. In addition, treatment responses of patients, who received a 12-week treatment with flunarizine, were assessed in relation to baseline heart rate variability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We observed that chronic migraine patients had a reduced heart rate variability, signifying autonomic dysfunction in comparison to healthy controls. Furthermore, patients presenting normal heart rate variability, characterized by a standard deviation exceeding 30\u2009milliseconds in normal-to-normal RR intervals, experienced a superior response to flunarizine treatment. This improvement was exemplified by a significantly larger reduction in monthly headache days for patients with higher heart rate variability compared to those with lower heart rate variability: \u22129.7 (5.9) vs. \u22126.2 (6.0) days ( p\u2009=\u2009.026).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Autonomic dysfunction occurs in chronic migraine as evaluated by heart rate variability. A preserved function is associated with a better treatment outcome to flunarizine. Trial registration: Neurologic Signatures of Chronic Pain Disorders, NCT02747940. Registered 22 April 2016, https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02747940<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024231206781","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T13:35:51Z","timestamp":1697636151000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Abnormal heart rate variability and its application in predicting treatment efficacy in patients with chronic migraine: An exploratory study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5043-8380","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chun-Hsiang","family":"Chuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Education and Mind Sciences, College of Education, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"},{"name":"Institute of Information Systems and Applications, College of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 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