{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T23:39:19Z","timestamp":1792453159073,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,1]],"date-time":"2024-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1709251200000},"content-version":"unspecified","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009997","name":"International Headache Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009997","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Persistent headache attributed to traumatic injury to the head is divided into two subtypes, one attributed to moderate or severe traumatic injury and another attributed to mild traumatic injury (i.e., concussion). The latter is much more prevalent, in part because more than 90% of cases with traumatic brain injury are classified as mild. The pathophysiology of persistent post-traumatic headache is poorly understood and the underlying mechanisms are likely multifactorial. There is currently no approved treatment specifically for persistent post-traumatic headache, and management strategies rely on medications used for migraine or tension-type headache. Therefore, high-quality trials are urgently needed to support clinical decision-making and optimize management strategies. International guidelines can facilitate appropriate trial design and ensure the acquisition of high-quality data evaluating the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of available and novel pharmacological therapies for the preventive treatment of persistent post-traumatic headache.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The development of this guideline was based on a literature review of available studies in MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, along with a review of previously published guidelines for controlled trials of preventive treatment for episodic and chronic migraine. The identified literature was critically appraised, and due to the scarcity of scientific evidence, recommendations were primarily based on the consensus of experts in the field.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To provide guidelines for designing state-of-the-art controlled clinical trials aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of preventive treatments for persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024241234068","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]],"date-time":"2024-03-22T15:59:54Z","timestamp":1711123194000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Guidelines of the International Headache Society for controlled trials of pharmacological preventive treatment for persistent post-traumatic headache attributed to mild traumatic brain injury"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"44","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6268-727X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"H\u00e5kan","family":"Ashina","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Brain and Spinal Cord Injury, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6556-8612","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hans-Christoph","family":"Diener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Medical Faculty, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1513-2113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Tassorelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy"},{"name":"Headache Science & Neurorehabilitation Centre, IRCCS C Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann I.","family":"Scher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2652-2897","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard B.","family":"Lipton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA"},{"name":"Montefiore Headache Center, Bronx, NY, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0796-4702","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patricia","family":"Pozo-Rosich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Headache Unit, Neurology Department, Vall d\u2019Hebron University Hospital; and Headache Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institute of Research, Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Headache Research Group, Vall d\u2019Hebron Institute of Research, Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra J.","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Brain Science, Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9035-8748","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Catherine D.","family":"Chong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan G.","family":"Finkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Carolina Headache Institute, Durham, NC, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Messoud","family":"Ashina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Danish Headache Center, Copenhagen University Hospital \u2013 Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Schwedt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Dodick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gisela M.","family":"Terwindt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"bibr1-03331024241234068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1468-2982.1991.1101001.x"},{"key":"bibr2-03331024241234068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419828967"},{"key":"bibr3-03331024241234068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102420941839"},{"key":"bibr4-03331024241234068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102418758283"},{"key":"bibr5-03331024241234068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102419842188"},{"key":"bibr6-03331024241234068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024211010413"},{"key":"bibr7-03331024241234068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa391"},{"key":"bibr8-03331024241234068","volume":"96","author":"Egilius LH","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"bibr9-03331024241234068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00309-X"},{"key":"bibr10-03331024241234068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"bibr11-03331024241234068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2982.2008.01752.x"},{"key":"bibr12-03331024241234068","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102410391485"},{"key":"bibr13-03331024241234068","unstructured":"Good clinical practice: Consolidated guideline. 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