{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:21:22Z","timestamp":1779236482684,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Cephalalgia"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into medical education and clinical decision-making is rapidly expanding. ChatGPT-4o, a multimodal AI model, offers real-time access to a vast corpus of biomedical knowledge. Nonetheless, concerns persist regarding the scientific accuracy and interpretive reliability of its responses when applied to clinical subjects such as migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess the reliability and factual accuracy of ChatGPT-4o when addressing key clinical questions regarding migraine.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Eight clinically relevant questions were submitted to ChatGPT-4o, covering migraine pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment. Each response was compared with current evidence from high-impact medical literature and rated as satisfactory, partially satisfactory or unsatisfactory. Classifications were based on conceptual accuracy, reference validity and clinical coherence.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Of the eight responses analyzed, 62.5% were classified as satisfactory, while 37.5% were deemed partially satisfactory. No response was considered entirely unsatisfactory. The most common limitations included reference-related AI hallucinations and insufficient technical depth in selected answers.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>ChatGPT-4o demonstrates potential as a support tool in the dissemination of structured medical information about migraine. However, its clinical use must remain supervised by professionals, given its limitations in bibliographic precision and interpretive nuance.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1177\/03331024251387684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]],"date-time":"2025-10-17T17:46:31Z","timestamp":1760723191000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["What does ChatGPT know about Migraine? A comparative-descriptive analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"45","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-9185-0581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucas Bernardi","family":"Garcia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0947-4049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana J\u00falia","family":"Ferreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universidade Federal do Paran\u00e1"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-3208-2241","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohamad Ali","family":"Hussein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurologia de Curitiba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7770-7475","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pedro Andr\u00e9","family":"Kowacs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Neurologia de Curitiba"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12669\/pjms.39.2.7653"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"American Headache Society [Internet]. [cited 2025 Sep 19]. Available from: https:\/\/americanheadachesociety.org\/resources\/clinicians\/guidelines?utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0333102417738202"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-021-00328-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","unstructured":"Cutrer FM. Pathophysiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis of migraine in adults [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2016.93"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001412"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104943"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","unstructured":"Scabeni BV Pereira CL De Melo GMV. Non-Pharmacological approaches in migraine treatment: literature review [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 7]. Available from: https:\/\/headachemedicine.com.br\/index.php\/hm\/article\/view\/1210."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12369"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","unstructured":"Schwedt TJ. Preventive treatment of episodic migraine in adults [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.uptodate.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001418"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001402"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12835"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.14153"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","unstructured":"Garza I Schwedt TJ. Acute treatment of migraine in adults [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 7]. Available from: www.uptodate.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","unstructured":"Garza I Schwedt TJ. Medication overuse headache: Treatment and prognosis [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 7]. Available from: www.uptodate.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/CON.0000000000001403"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","unstructured":"Piovesan EJ. Cirurgia de Enxaqueca [Internet]. [cited 2024 Sep 7]. Available from: https:\/\/sbcefaleia.com.br\/noticias.php?id=462&utm_source=chatgpt.com."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.12714"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00115-010-2935-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","unstructured":"What are AI hallucinations? [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Sep 7]. Available from: IBM.com"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41537-023-00379-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","article-title":"Artificial Hallucinations in ChatGPT: Implications in Scientific Writing","volume":"15","author":"Alkaissi H","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alkaissi H, McFarlane SI. 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